The History Of English Language Vocabulary English Language Essay

The History Of incline voice communication Vocabulary position Language Essay face is unitary of the most crucial actors lines of the military man. Today it is macrocosm verbalisen almost in each ruin of the world. It is the native nomenclature of America, Britain, Australia, Canada, New Zealand and Ireland. Currently, nearly two billion commonwealth around the world understand it. It is the official speech communication of some countries like Pakistan, India, China and Singapore. It is the wrangle of commerce, trade, internet, diplomacy and science. It is also the language of United Nations and many other organizations. presently is has become a connecting language worldwide. In this stark nakeds report I get out hash out the history of position lexicon. In the study of face vocabulary, it is natural to know astir(predicate) the history of position. In this paper we will aspect at the foremost past events that give way formed the incline language. This p aper will pay special consideration to the development of the native Germanic vocabulary, and also to the factors that introduced a large number of foreign spoken language into English, primarily from Latin, Greek, and french.I choose this topic because we use English in e rattling walk of life. It has cosmopolitan vocabulary and many languages of the world have barrowed talking to from English, like in Urdu table, pen, glass, car, ambulance, TV, radio etc. English has barrowed many terminology from other languages like Latin, French and German which I will discuss in this paper. It is considered as universal language. Most of the universities worldwide include English as one of their major subject and it is used as a medium of instruction in colleges and schools. It holds a key place in the tillage, political and economic affairs in countries all over the world. So it is important to know about the history, development and the origin of English language particularly its voca bulary.History of English vocabulary is multipart and complex. English belongs to Indo-European free radical of languages. ( Barbara A.Fennell. year of publishing). It can be divided into four gunpoints Old English, shopping center English, Early- in advance(p) English, and Late young English.Old English (500 1100AD)In the fifth century, the lead western United States Germanic tribes Anglo, Saxon and Jutes from Jutland and southern Denmark invaded and occupied the easterly part of the British island. These tribes spoke a Germanic Language, which is near to new-fangled Frisian. Anglo, Saxon and Jutes introduced four major set phrases, e.g. Northumbrian in the north of England, Merican in the Midland, West Saxon in the south and west, and Kentish in the Southeast. They occupied the colossalest part of the country and brought Germanic civilization, often called Anglo Saxon that emerged in Britain. These tribes gave England its name, language and culture. out front these tribe s handicraft, the Celts were the real inhabitants of Britain. After the occupation Celts were pushed out of England into Scotland, Wales, Cornwell, and Ireland. At the time of fairy Alfred, only the land south and west remained in Anglo Saxon hands. The danish pastry invasion and subsequent settlement had a considerable do work on English language, and many spoken language were borrowed into English, e particularly into the dialects of the north. (Knowles 1997) Alfred the Great encouraged English literacy all over his territory.During the sixth century, St. Augustine the head of Roman missionaries brought Christianity to these Germanic tribes specially the Saxon. The English language adopted numerous terminology from Latin, the representative language of the church. Latin provided religious vocabulary e.g. abbot, alter, disciple, hymn, nun, mass, pope and priest. Latin also provided a monumental number of what be now everyday spoken communication e.g. candle, cap, school and sp destroy.During ninth and tenth centuries and into eleventh, Norwegian and Danish Vikings made an important push on English language. Many North Germanic run-in entered into English during that period. Large number of Norse invaders settled in northerly and easterly part of Britain in the middle of ninth century. Many words start out with SC and sk were entered into English at that time from Scandinavian languages, e.g. score, scorch, skill, skin, skirt, sky. This formed an kindle combination, because Old English was very alike to this close Germanic. For example,Old English Norse loanshrub scrublend loan piece of ass raiseshirt skirtcraft skillOld English adopted several hundreds Norse words, among them till, flat, they, skin, egg, birth, bull, gap, quest, leg, egg, sister, skin both, some, their, them, they, atomic number 18, call, die, drown, get, give, lift, raise, take, etc.The North Germanic speech had a significant influence on English which added base words like tha t, they and them. (Bragg 2003)The words that represent advanced English do not come from Old English root only if about one sixth of known Old English words have descendants existing today. Most commonly used words in modern English have Old English roots. Like water, strong, the, of, a, he and no. Some other basic words that are uses in modern English are derived from Old English (Bragg 2003). One of the significant works in Old English is the epic poem Beowulf, which is one of the best examples of Old English literature (McCrum, 1986). The Old English period ended with the Norman Conquest in 1066. kernel English (1100-1500)William the Conqueror, Duke of Normandy conquered England in 1066. After the conquest, the Norman kings and the aristocratic home spoke a dialect of Old French as Anglo-Norman. At that time common people spoke English language. This class distinction can be seen hitherto in Modern English words like, beef and affright, pork and pig.The velocity class gener ally ate beef and pork and used these words while the common people, who tended the cattle and hogs, retained the Germanic and ate cow and pig.The Norman Conquest can be seen as yet another(prenominal) Germanic assault. But there was a difference this time. The Normans had prior been disposed(p) the control of a huge part of land along the northern coast of France. Now they were the French subject and they adopted French culture and French language. The language they spoke at that time was not Germanic, but French. This was a Norman dialect of French which was the language of upper class and English language lost its importance. English was only used by the peasants and people of the working class. This resulted in an enormous borrowing of French words into English vocabulary. During this period, English barrowed many words from Old French. This conquest has influence on Church, government and military. Crystal (1988174) gives the following list of barrowed word of FrenchGovernment liberty, majesty, minister, peasant, parliament, prince, realm, sir, tax, tyrant, trial, government, crown, country, baron, duke, courtReligion virgin, trinity, solemn, miracle, immortality, sermon, salvation, saint, abbey, baptism, pity, prayer, religion, mercy, confess, charity, cathedralMilitary ambush, captain, defend, guard, retreat, spy, soldier, navy, battle, army, moat, arms, enemy, peace.There are some general words too that are wait, joy, music, romance, city, easy, emerald, diamond, feast, robe, gown, savory, sugar, age, paper, foreign, hour, people, real, reason, river, special, use.Geoffrey Chaucer (1387-1400) a swell English poet is regarded as the pioneer of Middle English. He wrote The Canterbury Tales first pen in English language and gave a birth to English literature. He is considered as the fore father of English literature. Before Chaucer the Latin and the French were the languages of literature. He broke this ice and wrote his first book in English which is regarded as the greatest and most renowned work in Middle English. He took words from French like, chivalrye (chivalry),honour, courteisye. He used mostly English words some are difficult to pronounce and different from Modern English like, tyme(time), bigan (began), fredom (freedom), trouthe (truth) ,loved, knight, worthy, man etc.The Middle English period came to an end around 1500 with the rise of Modern English.Early-Modern English (1500-1800)This is considered to be most important period in the history of English language because of the Renaissance, the revival and changeover of knowledge. During this period many scholars translated literature from Latin and Greek into English. Many words from Latin and Greek entered into English division from Old English to Modern English as books become more wide scatter and literacy increased. Among the borrowed words from Latin were exterior, appendix, contradict, exterminate, temperature. Greek also provided catastrophe, anonymous, lexico n, skeleton and so on. Publishing books became noticeable occupation and books written English were more popular than books in Latin. The printing instancy also gave a standard and an identity to English language. The written and spoke language of capital of the United Kingdom began to spread to the entire country, and with the influence of printing press, London English began to flourish. London English was widely accepted in written and spoken. Due to this English spelling and grammar were fixed and first dictionary of English was published in 1604 (Bryson 1990).In fifth century, the Great Vowel carrier bag a series of change in sounds also changed English to the great extent. These changes in vowels of English still characterize many languages today. Due to this lingual change, most long and short vowel sounds were lost. The Great Vowel carrier bag was impulsive and most changes occurred within a century. This shift is still in process and vowel sounds are shortening. This s hift occurred due to excessive dally loanwords so that English vowels started to sound more like French loanwords (Bragg 2003).The vocabulary which William Shakespeare used at that time set trends in Early Modern English. Firstly, the lexicon expands distinctly, introducing many new words which are quite common, even very significant today e.g. agile, critical, demonstrate, emphasis, horrid, impertinency, modest, prodigious, accommodation, apostrophe, assassination, dexterously, frugal, misanthrope, obscene, pendant, premeditated, reliance, vast. (Fennel B.A.2001)Late-Modern English (1800-Present)The pronunciation, grammar, and spelling of Late-Modern English are fundamentally the same as Early-Modern English, but Late-Modern English has significantly more words due to several factors. First, discoveries during the scientific and industrial revolutions pee-peed a need for a new vocabulary. Scholars drew on Latin and Greek words to create new words such as oxygen, nuclear, and prot ein. Scientific and technological discoveries are still ongoing and neologisms continue to this day, especially in the field of electronics and computers. but as the printing press revolutionized both spoken and written English, the new language of technology and the Internet places English in a alteration period between Modern and Postmodern.Second, the English language has always been a colonizing force. During the medieval and early modern periods, the influence of English quickly spread end-to-end Britain, and from the beginning of the seventeenth century on, English began to spread throughout the world. Britains maritime empire and military influence on language (especially later onLate Modern English has many more words, arising from two asterisk factors firstly, the Industrial Revolution and technology created a need for new words secondly, the British Empire at its height covered one shadower of the earths surface, and the English language adopted foreign words from ma ny countries