Armed forces Essay

This slit pass ons in make wateration on the soldiers, sailors and airman who gained, maintained and then lost an imperium. It mustiness be remembered that the vast majority of the empires armament men was recruited from come on ramp the bewilder untaught. It is interesting to n sensation that some of the uncutst resistors to the British went on to break down the staunchest completelyies and defenders of her empire Highlanders, Sikhs and Gurkhas are perhaps the best examples of this phenomena.The soldiery history of the empire is rich in colour and variety tho is alike inevitably linked to the darker and more(prenominal) than sinister human face of the empire through conquest, pacification and destruction. The tentacles of the military spread throughout the empire and beyond, the build up forces were not completely the conquerors and defenders of the empire merely as well as provided the garrisons that policed the vast expanses of filth and enabled communic ation both over the vast distances involved. The military was precise oft judgment of convictions the nearly important institution of the empire.Land forces Infan bear witnessThe historic period nigh 1783 were degraded ones for the phalanx and things were slightly to become even more difficult in the near future. The military was coming to the end of its actions in the 13 colonies. governmental and military defeat hung heavily over Britain at the time. The army had borne the brunt of the sunk campaign and so were associated with the failure. lifetime was to become even more sedate and precarious for the British army as it become embroiled in the highly difficult task of containing the blowup of Revolutionary and then short sleepic France. The army would therefore be forced to expand to an unusu wholey tremendous sizing and would be strained to its limits. The prominent role played by the British army in ultimately defeating Napoleon would restore its felicitate a nd prestige both(prenominal) at home and overseas.In the rate of flow future(a) victory in 1815, the British army was regarded as the fire group of the Empire universe sent to wher forever there were disturbances or problems. It would become involved in countless sm tout ensemble wars in remote flung corners of the globe, virtually of which would be advantageful endeavours. However, the army would be sorely tested by the events of the Crimean war and the Indian mutiny. The problems encountered in these actions provided the rationale for the Cardwell army reforms which were implemented more and more from the tardily 1860s to the early 1880s.The military issueing system used by the British army in order to determine precedence was front roughly used in 1751. The year 1782 is interesting because it is the start-off time that legion(predicate) of these regiments were associated with a specific topical anesthetic area. Theoretically, this was to be where their depot was t o be ground and their recruiting to take over place. However, constant strategical and manpower needs meant that these regiments could be post bothwhere and were keen to take recruits from wherever they could find them. In this period of history, the numbers were the more important of the desig populations and would be used on a day to day basis. However, the territorial titles would later form the basis of the side by side(p) major overhaul of the regimental system almost exactly degree Celsius years later the Cardwell Army reforms.fundament guardsNumberTitleinitiatoryThe First Regiment of Foot Guards2ndThe gage (Cold stream) Regiment of Foot Guards3rdHis Majesties Third Regiment of Foot GuardscavalryFirst troop of life guards dismalgeNicknamesThe BangersLumpersThe CheesemongersThe Fly-slicersThe Piccadilly ButchersThe Roast and BoiledThe Ticky TinsThe Tin BelliesThe Patent Safeties proverbHoni soit qui mal y penseEvil be to him who evil thinksRegimental MarchesMillanollo (Q uick)Val HammThe Life Guards Slow March (Slow)Regimental AnniversaryWaterloo Day 18th JuneColonels1660 1788Soldiers1660 1788 advantageor Units1st Life Guards(1660 1788)The Life Guards(1922 )Suggested ReadingHistory of the Household Cavalryby Sir George Arthur(Constable 1909, 1926 3 vols)The Story of the First Life Guards(Harrap 1922)Historical unload of the Life Guards(capital of the United Kingdom Clowes 1836)Regimental MuseumHousehold Cavalry MuseumCombermere BarracksWindsorMore go tohttp//www.btinternet.com/britishempire/empire/forces/armyunits/britishcavalry/1sttroopofhorseguards.htmlArtilleryHorse artillery bombardment Sergeant-MajorThe some other picture of the seal battery Sergeant-major is a coloured engraving from a photo. He has gold braiding. The screen end of a 12-pounder is accurately shown.Officer 1890The Officer is in well(p) dress on his charger.Sergeants with 12 PounderThe Sergeants are in unhomogeneous forms of dress. The one in the forground is in full dress or exhibition dress, the others are in different combi peoples of working dress.Mounted SergeantThe gold cord braiding on his jacket indicates that he is a Sergeant.F Battery in Second Afghan struggleScience and engineering jinxRailwaysThe ordinal century saw many technological changes, save none of them were to have as wide repurcussions as the invention of the train. The power of travel had been known for some time alone applying this power to moving flagitious legals and people over long distances was one application that would have level-headed consequences and serve the British and their Empire for well over a one hundred years.It was George Stephenson who realised the full power and potency of the steam engine when he designed a machine that could take prefer of narrow tomentum tubes which could be heated to create the all important steam power. The uprise was the first such steam engine to take advantage of this hot engineering as it operated between Li verpool and Manchester from 1830. However, technical change was to become quick and the train was to change its appearance and technical specifications again and again.Inevitably, it was the mother sphere that first saw her landscape transformed by this unfermentedfangled invention. Navvies from Ireland, Scotland and the northwestern of England scarred the landscape with viaducts, link up and tunnels in the pursuit of the smooth gradients that trains compulsory to travel at their most efficient level. They were paid a pittance for anguish and dangerous work. In many ways, these navvies represented one of the largest migrations of Imperial settlers as they coin over from Ireland or as they followed the train tracks around the country and ended up settling in the last place they pitch work.In 1847 there were a quarter of a million navvies shot and blasting their way over the British landscape, their travels are one of the lesser documented migrations of history. However, t he job they did is alleviate plain to gather up in the British landscape some 150 years later and will be for many more years to come. The amount of track place in Britain increased from only 500 miles in 1838 to over 8,000 by 1855. This intricacy of track also brought down the cost of travel so that all but the poorest could afford to travel by train. In the stagecoach days, a ticket from London to Manchester and back would have cost 3 10s but by 1851 the train fare for this same journey was only 5s (a 7th of the stagecoach fare) for a far quicker and more comfortable journey.Of course, the expansion of the rail flexures didnt just rest on the invention of the steam train. compress was involve for the rails and its mass production helped to reduce the costs to the rail line line industry. In addition, iron girders and glass were used to construct magnificent feeling railroad track topographic points. regular older industries, like stonemasonry were given a clean leas e of life as vast quantities of stone and rock were needful for sleepers, bridges and displace. The railway line age was an enormous boost to the economy of Britain, and would provide the country with one of the most efficient infrastructures for the roostder of the century.It wouldnt take colonial administrators long to see the benefits that such an infrastructure could bring to the colonies they were in charge of. Particularly, as some of these colonies could be immense in size and with shrimpy existing infrastructure. Horses and get offs had provided the most efficient style of channel to date, but mails obviously couldnt r individually the interior and horses could not match the belt along and power of this latest invention. The old established colonies like India, leapt at the railway opportunities and reinforced a railway structure that would even rival the mother countrys in scope and scale. They were often financed by British industrialists keen to move the primary and twinklingary products of India to the ports ready to be exported to Britain and her factories. Cotton, spices and teas would all provide the sparingal model for railway building that would later be copied in other colonies by other crops and industries rubber in Malaysia, coffee bean in South America, grains in Canada and livestock in Australia and New Zealand.In some colonies, railways were used more as the initial pricker to advertise colonisation of an area. In Africa, railways were built to provide an infrastructure that would lure duster colonists into an area in order to farm the area and wring it into a profitable dependency. South Africa, Rhodesia and Kenya all cute to increase their white tribe and increase the economic activity of their lands and all spent copious amounts of funds and effort into building railways in what were rattling often inhospitable areas to atomic number 63an settlers. They all had varying degrees of success, but were built nonethel ess. Indeed, one of the burning issues of late nineteenth century was Cecil Rhodes burning ambition to build a mantlepiece to Cairo railway line that passed through British territory all the way. And this dream, although not realised by a train earnings, certainly influenced a great deal of Central African colonisation during the period.Another spur to the railway building in the nineteenth century was the British army. They too, promptly identified the advantages in being able to move troops and supplies around in a quick and efficient manner. The army would often try to influence local colonial administrators and get them to build railway lines to places which had little business or economic rationale. Alternatively, the army would build its own railway lines in areas they felt were necessary. In the case of Kitcheners Sudan campaign in the late 1890s, the army travelled down the Nile slowly but surely, not just out of tactical considerations, but because they were building a r ailway line as they travelled. In fact, this railway line is still in use as Sudans major railway line over a hundred years after it was built by the British army. Likewise in the Boer war, the British army came to depend on the strategic advantages of the railway ne dickensrk, but would also be exposed to the vulnerpower of this nedeucerk as the Boers transformed themselves into a guerilla army and destroyed bridges and lines at will. Despite this costly lesson, the British army maintained its take note and use of trains for many more years to come.Railways transformed the Empire in many ways, it increased business activity and allowed businesses to flourish in areas that antecedently would have been impossible to make a living in. It allowed officials to move speedyly over the areas that they governed. It allowed troops to be dispatched over great distances in in short periods of time, indeed this speed of response removed oft of the burden of having to station so many troops in a colony in the first place. Populations could benefit from access to cheaper goods as the factories of Europe could unleash their products to the far flung corners of the empire tinned goods, innovativespapers, boot polish and toys could all be moved at a fraction of the cost from previous days.The people themselves could move around the empire whether for business or for pleasure families could be reunited more regularly, farmers could travel long distances to get their products to market, businessmen could entertain clients from further afield. Even within relatively short distances and in crowded areas people measured to enjoy the benefits of the train system. Therefore, in London, one of the more interesting railway transformations was devised in the 1860s the underground system, or the tube. Using Victorian ingenuity and technical engineering expertness an elaborate underground system of trains was built that would be envied and copied by Metropolises the terra firm a over. And again, it reinvigorated the economic life of the urban center of London and allowed for only another relocation of businesses and ho employ for the masses of that city.The advantages of the railways were sheer to virtually everyone. These were the days when progress was seen as a universal good and the railways were a prime example of this beneficent progress.ShipsEngland was a small island nation off the coast of the very powerful and dynamic continent of Europe proper. There were three options open to the side of meat ruling classes. First of all, she could sop up herself into European politics and economics. However, the competition on this front was especially fierce French, Italians, Austrians and a myriad of other powerful nations would ensure that England would only be one player in a field of many. Besides, wars and religion do dabbling in this arena a very expensive one. Second, she could turn in on herself and try to stay aloof from the goings on of the knowledge base. This strategy accommodate the Nipponese in their dealings with their continental rivals. However the position were already keen switch overrs and had acquired tastes and business practices that make this option an unpalatble one. Her third choice was to turn to the opportunities offered by the rest of the population. And it is because she chose this path that first England, and then Britain, turned herself into the guide aloneing(prenominal) ocean nation of Europe and indeed the domain.Englands rise as a maritime nation started with the reign of King Henry VIII. His ambitions were manoeuvre more to Europe, but he did manage to lay down monetary and military foundations that would be taken advantage of by his successors. The Mary pink wine is testimony to the size and power that the King sought-after(a) to develop. He wanted a navy to project his power and influence onto the European governmental scene. Unfortunately, his plans and schemes were not in full realized during his reign. However, his treasury was full, the ports were protected by newfound castles and coastal defences and he had started a naval tradition that would bequeath worthy skills and experience to later generations of sea goers.By the time Queen Elizabeth came to the throne, the most powerful maritime nations were Spain and Portugal. These nations had encouraged explorers to find new, exciting and highly profitable trade routes. However, there were deep religious and philosophical divisions between these Catholic nations and the Protestant English. Queen Elizabeth had no love for these religious and economic rivals and essentially sanctioned piracy on the high seas as a inwardness of prosecuting war against the Catholic monarchies. Chief amongst her officially sanctioned privateers were Sir Francis Drake and Sir John Hawkins. These, and other sailors, wreaked havoc with Spanish and Portugese trade routes to the East Indies and particularly to the New World . The Caribbean became particularly notorious for rampant piracy.This rivalry turned into something of a naval ordnance store lean as the Spanish and English well-tried to outdo each other in terms of offensive power or in terms of speed to effluence say-so privateers.Military and commercial places of both nations would benefit from new technologies, techniques and skills. The naval rivalry between these two nations would come through a head in 1588 with the Spanish Armada. This Spanish attempt to stamp out her English rivals was a gamble that did not pay off. Bad weather and English seamanship saw that the Armada failed in its bid to land an army on English soil. More importantly, the destruction of much of the Armada left the English mariners in a very powerful position and particularly in the Caribbean and in the New World. In the East Indies with its spice trade, the English still had to deal with the Portugese and the Dutch as skillful competitors. But with the removal of the Spanish, the English were free to develop an unprecedentedly successful economic venture.There were two main commercial activities that allowed the English to maximise there maritime advantage Sugar and Slavery. In fact, these were two complemantary activities that would work very closely together. Slaves were needed to tend and harvest the sugar crops of the New World. The same ships that transported these slaves could then be loaded up with sugar and brought back to Europe. With the advent of industrialisation in Britain, the third leg of this trip could also be made profitable. seamy manufactured goods were taken from Liverpool and Bristol to West Africa and exchanged their for slaves, the slaves were exchanged for sugar in the Caribbean, and the sugar would finally be sold in Europe at a huge profit. The profits involved meant that few people likewise concern by any humanitarian or ethical issues. Indeed, the economic success of this trade would mean that even more ti me, money and skills were move into the British commercial and Royal Navies. The more and better the British ships became the more she took the mankinds trade and the faster she developed into the worlds preeminent naval power.By the mid to end of the eighteenth century, the British could cl amaze to have the largest and most successful naval forces in the world Both militarily and commercially. By this time, naval traditions, experience and expertise had been fully augmented by advances in science and the latest industrial products and techniques. British ships were familiar sites to ports and coastal regions the world over. However, two events would test this faith and self-assurance in the maritime forces of the nation.Soon, the British would realise that although they were a match for any nation on even terms, a combination of forces might lead to her undoing. The first test of this theory was the American War of Independence. French and Spanish involvement in supplying and m aintaining the insurrection. Combine this with Royal Naval ships and sailors struggle on the side of the colonists and the British could see that they were not as unconquerable as they would have liked to have believed. However, the real test of the strong suit and wideness of the Naval forces of Britain was to come with the rise of Napoleon on the European continent.A brilliant tactician and strategist, Napoleon swept most of Europe forwards him. As he took answerive control over these powers he also took control of their navies. The British tried their best to thwart these plans with some success in Holland and especially Denmark. However, the Spanish and French exceeds combined again to form a most formidable force. Unlike the days of the American War of Independence, it was clear that the only way the British could dispense with the threat of Napoleon was to confront and defeat this dark blue in an open battle. The stakes for the island nation had not been higher since t he days of Drake and the Spanish Armada. Fortunately for the British, a new hero rose to the hour. Admiral Nelson successfully defeated the combined fleet at the Battle of Trafalgar. He paid for this victory with his life, but he laid down a sense of security for the island nation that would remain intact for another century. Although disappointments and setbacks did occur, most notably in the War of 1812-14, essentially the Royal Navy returned to being the preeminent maritime nation.Indeed, the only safe threat to the Royal and Merchant Navies were the sailors, captains and admirals themselves. Complacency and a lack of serious rivals meant that the British maritime forces lay essentially unchanged for most of the nineteenth century. Half a century after the death of Nelson and the Royal Navy had barely changed at all even the ships were the same. The only serious innovation that made serious inroads into these traditions was the advent of steam.Even then, the Admiralty were reluc tant converts to this latest technology and pined for the days of sail. It would be left to commercial forces and entrepreneurs to explore and develop this means of power. The most important name associated with these developments is that of Isambard Kingdom Brunel. This man built the first steamship to cross the Atlantic the Great Western. The first ocean nooky steamer the Great Britain. And what for 40 years would be the largest ship ever built the Great Eastern. And although these ships were not the greatest of commercial triumphs the combination of ingenuity, expertise and industrial technology would mean that Britain would remain at the forefront of maritime power for some time to come.Steam power would open up other avenues for exploration that had previously been difficult if not impossible for mariners to pursue. The ability to power a vessel upstream would mean that many of the worlds rivers could be opened up to European explorers and traders. This would allow for new par ts of the world to be explored and new commerical and political relationships to be established. Africa would see this technology utilise along its many rivers. Indeed, steamships would even be taken overland to operate on the great lakes of the African interior.One side effect of the introduction of steampower was that coaling stations would become a strategic necessary to the Royal and Merchant Navies. All of a sudden, the Royal Navy became concerned at the placement of Naval bases particularly with regards to how far a ship could steam before it needed refuelling. This new strategic thinking would be augmented and amended by the opening of the Suez Canal in 1869. The world was becoming a smaller place at a rapid rate and maritime necessities would be prime in consideration for much of the Imperial expansion of the day.Cash crops would be the new cash overawe that provided the financial impetus for maritime ventures at the Imperial level. Tea, cotton, rubber, even opium would a ll take their turn in providing the imperatives and returns in investing in Britains maritime fleets. Combine these financial considerations with regular British trade patterns with Europe, Latin America and the United states and the fact that populations were willing and able to move almost the planet in unprecedented numbers and the importance of ships and maritime polity to the British Empire is easy to comprehend.The attached challenge to British advantage of the waves was to be by the Germans. By the end of the nineteenth and the beginning of the ordinal centuries European and imperial rivalries combined to form ominous and powerful blocks of nations. On one side lay the French and Russians, on the other the Germans, Italians and Austrians. Britain tried to remain aloof for as long as possible, but when the Germans say that they wanted a Navy that was the equal of the Royal Navy, the gauntlet had been laid and the British joined with the French and Russians. A naval arms race between the British and Germans was proving costly to both countries, it didnt help matters when one of Britains own innovations nearly bankrupted the nation. The development of the Battleship Dreadnought in 1906 kept the British at the front of Naval technology but at the cost of making their entire existing fleet obsolescent. The Germans would soft be able to catch up to the British with this new technology and, if it hadnt been for competing claims on the German military budget, might have succeeded in doing so.As it was, during The Great War, the British were just able to keep ahead of the Germans and successfully bottled them up in their Baltic ports for most of the war. However, another military development would provide fresh worries and portents enough for the British. The submarine did not effect the war as much as their German commanders had hoped, but their potential for disrupting existing Naval balances of power were clear to all. These concerns would be played ou t at a much more lethal level during the next war.Meanwhile, the interwar period saw cutbacks to both the Royal and Merchant Navies. With little appetence left for armed forces, British politicians cut back defence expending on all of the services. The Royal Navy was no exception. These cutbacks came just as new maritime rivals could be seen on the horizon. During The Great War, the Americans had turned their enormous industrial might to outfitting her armed forces in a very short period of time. At the same time, the Japanese had been left unquestioned to develop in the Pacific Ocean.When the war ended they quickly sought to establish some kind of parity with the Royal Navy the termination was the Washington conference. This conference established the so called 553 ratios for capital ships. America and Britain were to be equal in size and number of ships whilst the Japan maintained 60% of these numbers. The effect of the conference was that Britain, for the first time since Dra ke, admitted that she would only be the equal of another power. No longer would she aim to be the preeminent naval power. In reality, she had also given the Japanese a local high quality in the Pacific region. A superiority the Japanese would use to dismember much of the British Asian Empire.The Second World War was to put Britain in as much, if not more, lie in wait than in the first. Her naval commanders rightly identified submarine warfare as being the biggest threat the island nation. The Royal and Merchant Navies took horrendous losses as these commanders developed ways of dealing with this silent menace. Convoys and ASDIC did most to overcompensate this balance. But it was a long, hard fight and one that left Britain militarily and economically exhausted by the end of the war.Britain would never reclaim its power maritime glory. The United States and Soviet Navies would eclipse the Royal Navy in size, technology and power. Aircraft carriers, nuclear submarines and the rise of Air Power in customary would mean that the strategic balance had been tipped forever. Withdrawal from Empire speeded up this process even more, bases in the Far East, South East Asia, the nerve center East and even the Mediterranean seemed like expensive anachronisms that no longer served any purpose. At a commercial level, the rise of air transport killed off much of the passenger business of the shipping lines. Also, new trade patterns were established as Imperial trade was replaced by much shorter European destinations.The fall from grace of the British naval heritage is only so precipitate when you realise how long and how deep that tradition has been the lifeblood of the nation. Generations of citizens grew up with the inexplicit belief that Britannia Ruled the Waves. Now that she is a middle ranking European nation, it is not hard to see why so many people lament the passing of an era and why it inspires so many more to be fascinated and interested in this area of Briti sh history. communication theoryThe telecommunicate system was one of the technological wonders of the nineteenth century. It transformed communications in a profound way and helped to give the British Army a technological superiority over most of her competitors. Its invention was a product of the enthusiasm and skill of industrial revolutionary Britain. William Fothergill Cooke and Charles Wheatstone, a scientist and an entrepreneur, teamed up to forge a devastatingly effective alliance that combined the savvy of both individuals to produce the needle wire. Wheatstone came up with the technological aspect whilst the Cooke had the prediction to approach the railway companies in order to run their lines along side the railway tracks. On 25 July 1837 the first experimental line with the new telegraph was started.The Great Western Railway Company connected the stations Euston Square and Camden Town over a distance of 2.4 kilometres. It was an outstanding success that not only amaze d Victorians but displayed obvious applications for its use. When it was used to administer such news as the birth of Queen Victorias second son, or to catch a murderer who had attempted an escape by train, its acceptance and usefulness was plain for all to see. In fact, the only problem with this initial invention was that it the code to transmit messages was rather bunglesome and in fact only twenty letters were used of the alphabet. reference book for the simplification of the both the hardware and code was to cross the Atlantic to a certain Samuel Morse.Samuel Morse had a mission in life. A god-fearing Christian, his world had turned upside down when he missed the funeral of his married woman due to a message being delivered late. He never wanted anyone to go through the pain that he had endured and so set about perfecting an easy to use message system. His revolution centred around the idea of send pulses of electricity of two fixed lengths dots and dashes. The subsequent morse code was so much easier to for all to master. He too saw the logic in following the railroad lines and telegraph poles continued their close relationships to the railway lines that were bit by bit spreading out over the continents of the world. Of course, there were larger scale boundaries that also needed crossing.Crossing the Atlantic Ocean with a submarine telegraph line was one of the holy grails of Victorian technological advances. So much so that Sirus Field, a very rich American businessman, personally financed the hiring of two warships, one American and one British (USS Buchanan and HMS Victoria), to simply start in the middle of the Atlantic Ocean and pull the wire to the opposing sides of the Atlantic. later a couple of attempts, they did indeed manage to succeed in their endeavour.The president of the United States and Queen Victoria managed to exchange pleasantries crosswise all those thousands of miles. Unfortunately, the line only worked for just over two wee ks. The Victorian scientists had not expect the high voltages that were required to send messages across those thousands of miles. The tune simply burnt-out out. It would be seven years before the line was reconnected. The problem being that the new, low voltage, well insulated wires were just too thick for any ship to be able to carry. Until, that was, the SS Great Eastern was launched. This was a behemoth of a ship that dwarfed all other ships by its size and speed. In 1866 she tardily connected the two continents together.Submarine telegraph lines were now spreading across the world as the British government realised the full potential for governing and communicating with its far flung empire. By 1890, of the inhabited British territories, only Fiji, British Honduras, Tobago, the Falkland Islands, Turks Islands and New Guinea had no cable at all. The importance that Britain personally invested in this world wide infrastructure is borne out by the statistic that by 1914, 75% of all the worlds submarine lines were held by the British. Indeed, within hours of the outbreak of the First World War, the first action taken by any of the British and Imperial Forces around the world was very taken in Melbourne in Australia. A German merchant ship was fired on by coastal batteries as she attempted to leave port. The fact that this took place on the exact opposite side of the world illustrates how much smaller the empire had become with the advent of telegraphy.Before the advent of this technology, the British government had had to entrust a great deal of local powers to its representatives across the world. When it took three months for a message to travel from a colony back to the capital, waiting for a reply was a luxury that a great deal could not be tolerated. The man on the spot was a very powerful figure indeed. With the advent of the telegraph, London could have virtually instantaneous contact with the capitals of her colonies and dominions and conduct busi ness from afar.Cables Being Laid in CanadaThe value of Britains world wide telegraphic system actually contributed to Britains strategic worries. The cables were kept in British colonies or under British controlled seas as much as possible, but this was not always avoidable. Whenever this occurred the British worried about interceptions of messages or of cutting the link altogether. For example, the link to Australia passed over Dutch Java, the South American cable ran through Portugese Madeira, but credibly the biggest headache of all to Britains strategic thinkers was the cable that ran from London to Calcutta. In fact, there were three such cables.One ran from Lowestoft to Germany, through Russia, Persia and in to India. aside from the strategic nightmares of this essential line of communication was the fact that the Germans and Russians were in a position to keep the costs of using this cable artificially high. The second cable was not much better. It ran across Europe to Consta ntinople, across misfire to the Persian Gulf and then by cable to Karachi. Little credence could be placed on the Ottoman empire. The third cable ran from London to Gibraltar to Malta, Egypt to Aden and then on to Bombay. This looked secure enough, but still relied on using Spanish relay stations to boost the signals. Besides, it was generally more economic to send the messages up over France from Malta.To add to the strategic difficulties the vagaries of the currents and weather caused yet further headaches. Storms, winds, silt, even fishermen could all accidentally disrupt the sending of messages. unite with the distances involved, it is little wonder the tariffs could be so high. 4 shillings per word to India, and 6s. 9d. to Australia. And yet, the British were convinced that the value of the system was worth the price. All over the world, Englishmen were employed laying or maintaining cables or operating booster stations along the line. The cable manager often became a key mem ber of golf club for the further flung outposts of imperial society. In Australia, Alice Springs actually came to life as the fundamental station for the overland 2000 mile telegraph line stretching from Adelaide to the North. These 36,000 telegraph poles were built years before any road or railway line crossed the continent. And it could be dangerous too. In 1874, two cable men were speared to death by Aborigines.The laying and maintaining of this enormous network must rank as one of the most important achievements of the British Empire. Its scope and utility is hard to imagine in a world where instantaneous communications are taken for granted. Before the invention of the Telegraph the speed of communication had changed little since the time of the Romans. Within thirty years of the first twitchings of Cooks and Wheatstones needle telegraph, the world had been made substantially smaller.