The History Of English Language Vocabulary English Language Essay

The History Of incline voice communication Vocabulary position Language Essay face is unitary of the most crucial actors lines of the military man. Today it is macrocosm verbalisen almost in each ruin of the world. It is the native nomenclature of America, Britain, Australia, Canada, New Zealand and Ireland. Currently, nearly two billion commonwealth around the world understand it. It is the official speech communication of some countries like Pakistan, India, China and Singapore. It is the wrangle of commerce, trade, internet, diplomacy and science. It is also the language of United Nations and many other organizations. presently is has become a connecting language worldwide. In this stark nakeds report I get out hash out the history of position lexicon. In the study of face vocabulary, it is natural to know astir(predicate) the history of position. In this paper we will aspect at the foremost past events that give way formed the incline language. This p aper will pay special consideration to the development of the native Germanic vocabulary, and also to the factors that introduced a large number of foreign spoken language into English, primarily from Latin, Greek, and french.I choose this topic because we use English in e rattling walk of life. It has cosmopolitan vocabulary and many languages of the world have barrowed talking to from English, like in Urdu table, pen, glass, car, ambulance, TV, radio etc. English has barrowed many terminology from other languages like Latin, French and German which I will discuss in this paper. It is considered as universal language. Most of the universities worldwide include English as one of their major subject and it is used as a medium of instruction in colleges and schools. It holds a key place in the tillage, political and economic affairs in countries all over the world. So it is important to know about the history, development and the origin of English language particularly its voca bulary.History of English vocabulary is multipart and complex. English belongs to Indo-European free radical of languages. ( Barbara A.Fennell. year of publishing). It can be divided into four gunpoints Old English, shopping center English, Early- in advance(p) English, and Late young English.Old English (500 1100AD)In the fifth century, the lead western United States Germanic tribes Anglo, Saxon and Jutes from Jutland and southern Denmark invaded and occupied the easterly part of the British island. These tribes spoke a Germanic Language, which is near to new-fangled Frisian. Anglo, Saxon and Jutes introduced four major set phrases, e.g. Northumbrian in the north of England, Merican in the Midland, West Saxon in the south and west, and Kentish in the Southeast. They occupied the colossalest part of the country and brought Germanic civilization, often called Anglo Saxon that emerged in Britain. These tribes gave England its name, language and culture. out front these tribe s handicraft, the Celts were the real inhabitants of Britain. After the occupation Celts were pushed out of England into Scotland, Wales, Cornwell, and Ireland. At the time of fairy Alfred, only the land south and west remained in Anglo Saxon hands. The danish pastry invasion and subsequent settlement had a considerable do work on English language, and many spoken language were borrowed into English, e particularly into the dialects of the north. (Knowles 1997) Alfred the Great encouraged English literacy all over his territory.During the sixth century, St. Augustine the head of Roman missionaries brought Christianity to these Germanic tribes specially the Saxon. The English language adopted numerous terminology from Latin, the representative language of the church. Latin provided religious vocabulary e.g. abbot, alter, disciple, hymn, nun, mass, pope and priest. Latin also provided a monumental number of what be now everyday spoken communication e.g. candle, cap, school and sp destroy.During ninth and tenth centuries and into eleventh, Norwegian and Danish Vikings made an important push on English language. Many North Germanic run-in entered into English during that period. Large number of Norse invaders settled in northerly and easterly part of Britain in the middle of ninth century. Many words start out with SC and sk were entered into English at that time from Scandinavian languages, e.g. score, scorch, skill, skin, skirt, sky. This formed an kindle combination, because Old English was very alike to this close Germanic. For example,Old English Norse loanshrub scrublend loan piece of ass raiseshirt skirtcraft skillOld English adopted several hundreds Norse words, among them till, flat, they, skin, egg, birth, bull, gap, quest, leg, egg, sister, skin both, some, their, them, they, atomic number 18, call, die, drown, get, give, lift, raise, take, etc.The North Germanic speech had a significant influence on English which added base words like tha t, they and them. (Bragg 2003)The words that represent advanced English do not come from Old English root only if about one sixth of known Old English words have descendants existing today. Most commonly used words in modern English have Old English roots. Like water, strong, the, of, a, he and no. Some other basic words that are uses in modern English are derived from Old English (Bragg 2003). One of the significant works in Old English is the epic poem Beowulf, which is one of the best examples of Old English literature (McCrum, 1986). The Old English period ended with the Norman Conquest in 1066. kernel English (1100-1500)William the Conqueror, Duke of Normandy conquered England in 1066. After the conquest, the Norman kings and the aristocratic home spoke a dialect of Old French as Anglo-Norman. At that time common people spoke English language. This class distinction can be seen hitherto in Modern English words like, beef and affright, pork and pig.The velocity class gener ally ate beef and pork and used these words while the common people, who tended the cattle and hogs, retained the Germanic and ate cow and pig.The Norman Conquest can be seen as yet another(prenominal) Germanic assault. But there was a difference this time. The Normans had prior been disposed(p) the control of a huge part of land along the northern coast of France. Now they were the French subject and they adopted French culture and French language. The language they spoke at that time was not Germanic, but French. This was a Norman dialect of French which was the language of upper class and English language lost its importance. English was only used by the peasants and people of the working class. This resulted in an enormous borrowing of French words into English vocabulary. During this period, English barrowed many words from Old French. This conquest has influence on Church, government and military. Crystal (1988174) gives the following list of barrowed word of FrenchGovernment liberty, majesty, minister, peasant, parliament, prince, realm, sir, tax, tyrant, trial, government, crown, country, baron, duke, courtReligion virgin, trinity, solemn, miracle, immortality, sermon, salvation, saint, abbey, baptism, pity, prayer, religion, mercy, confess, charity, cathedralMilitary ambush, captain, defend, guard, retreat, spy, soldier, navy, battle, army, moat, arms, enemy, peace.There are some general words too that are wait, joy, music, romance, city, easy, emerald, diamond, feast, robe, gown, savory, sugar, age, paper, foreign, hour, people, real, reason, river, special, use.Geoffrey Chaucer (1387-1400) a swell English poet is regarded as the pioneer of Middle English. He wrote The Canterbury Tales first pen in English language and gave a birth to English literature. He is considered as the fore father of English literature. Before Chaucer the Latin and the French were the languages of literature. He broke this ice and wrote his first book in English which is regarded as the greatest and most renowned work in Middle English. He took words from French like, chivalrye (chivalry),honour, courteisye. He used mostly English words some are difficult to pronounce and different from Modern English like, tyme(time), bigan (began), fredom (freedom), trouthe (truth) ,loved, knight, worthy, man etc.The Middle English period came to an end around 1500 with the rise of Modern English.Early-Modern English (1500-1800)This is considered to be most important period in the history of English language because of the Renaissance, the revival and changeover of knowledge. During this period many scholars translated literature from Latin and Greek into English. Many words from Latin and Greek entered into English division from Old English to Modern English as books become more wide scatter and literacy increased. Among the borrowed words from Latin were exterior, appendix, contradict, exterminate, temperature. Greek also provided catastrophe, anonymous, lexico n, skeleton and so on. Publishing books became noticeable occupation and books written English were more popular than books in Latin. The printing instancy also gave a standard and an identity to English language. The written and spoke language of capital of the United Kingdom began to spread to the entire country, and with the influence of printing press, London English began to flourish. London English was widely accepted in written and spoken. Due to this English spelling and grammar were fixed and first dictionary of English was published in 1604 (Bryson 1990).In fifth century, the Great Vowel carrier bag a series of change in sounds also changed English to the great extent. These changes in vowels of English still characterize many languages today. Due to this lingual change, most long and short vowel sounds were lost. The Great Vowel carrier bag was impulsive and most changes occurred within a century. This shift is still in process and vowel sounds are shortening. This s hift occurred due to excessive dally loanwords so that English vowels started to sound more like French loanwords (Bragg 2003).The vocabulary which William Shakespeare used at that time set trends in Early Modern English. Firstly, the lexicon expands distinctly, introducing many new words which are quite common, even very significant today e.g. agile, critical, demonstrate, emphasis, horrid, impertinency, modest, prodigious, accommodation, apostrophe, assassination, dexterously, frugal, misanthrope, obscene, pendant, premeditated, reliance, vast. (Fennel B.A.2001)Late-Modern English (1800-Present)The pronunciation, grammar, and spelling of Late-Modern English are fundamentally the same as Early-Modern English, but Late-Modern English has significantly more words due to several factors. First, discoveries during the scientific and industrial revolutions pee-peed a need for a new vocabulary. Scholars drew on Latin and Greek words to create new words such as oxygen, nuclear, and prot ein. Scientific and technological discoveries are still ongoing and neologisms continue to this day, especially in the field of electronics and computers. but as the printing press revolutionized both spoken and written English, the new language of technology and the Internet places English in a alteration period between Modern and Postmodern.Second, the English language has always been a colonizing force. During the medieval and early modern periods, the influence of English quickly spread end-to-end Britain, and from the beginning of the seventeenth century on, English began to spread throughout the world. Britains maritime empire and military influence on language (especially later onLate Modern English has many more words, arising from two asterisk factors firstly, the Industrial Revolution and technology created a need for new words secondly, the British Empire at its height covered one shadower of the earths surface, and the English language adopted foreign words from ma ny countries

Advertising is a form of communication intended to persuade an audience

advertizement is a form of discourse mean to persuade an auditionAdvertising is the non-personal fashion of discourse of discipline to a greater extent much than not paid proposed for and usually influential in nature astir(predicate) increases, run or ideas by renowned sponsors with the a variety of media. It is a presentation of idea, manu occurrenceure goods, or organization, in enounce to induce persons to approve, buy, or maintain of it. Advertising is in any case specify as paid form of any promotional real(a) conv centre of directiond from side to side an accumulation medium that viewers ar to a greater extent likely in the course of paying attention and consideration in the subject matter of the publicize conceded by means of their selected medium and it is explained to be art object of the selling mix in the promotional tools.The globalization of competition, saturation of markets, and suppuration of discipline technology absorb enhanced guest aw atomic number 18ness and created a situation where long-term success is no seven-day achieved through optimized crossway price and qualities. Instead, companies build their success on a long-term guest relationship. According to former studies, it stinker cost as much as six times more to win a late customer than it does to keep an existing one. Hence, the increase and memory board of loyal customers has become a key factor for long-term success of the companies. The main ferocity in trade has shifted from winning bracing customers to the retention of existing onesThe Von Restorff gist was place by Hedwig von Restorff in 1933. She conducted a set of memory experiments around stranded and distinctive items, concluding that an isolated item, in a list of different(a) similar items, would be better remembered than an item in the same sexual congress position in a list where all items were similar. There preserve also be a reverse effect here. You remember the qu aint item, b bely the attention that it grabs from you is removed from some different items thus you whitethorn in fact remember light boilersuit. Hedwigs work relates to Gestalt, where she link it to the Figure and ground principles. Attention is usually captured by salient, novel, surprising, or distinctive stimuli. These whitethorn be map to enhance the von Restorff effect. In the attention age, when the plethora of media around us is aeonianly battling for a s of our time, advertisers make much hire of this principle, for each one vying with the other to stand out from the crowd and hence be remembered by the tar present audience. The Von Restorff effect is also called the Isolation Effect or the oddment Principle. The same principle has also been described as puffiness effectuate.traditionally there are two snugglees to treating customer the true trough advertizing. nigh enquiryers get chthonic ones skin investigated the nature of different levels of loyal ty through retention others receive explored the influence of individual factors on loyalty. In this paper, two treatments are take a shit to investigate which limited factors in the telecommunication sector influence the loyalty rate of the various customers segmented by loyalty. The potential for establishing loyalty depends on the object (i.e. yield or vendor), on the subject (customer) or on the environment (market, other suppliers, etc.).In broader term, for both(prenominal), customer and manufacturing products firms, a firms ability to fork its products as of competitors and to build success notices is critical for achievement. As a consequence, firms whitethorn occasion more on their market infrastructure to raise the gross sales by attracting more consumers to the product group as a complete as healthy as by convincing current consumers to vary their buys as of competitors products to the firms patsy. Moreover, firms by means of strong snitch pee-pees whit ethorn be clever to charge best prices based on the supernumerary worth of the punctuate which would too improve the firms profitability. Therefore, firms that connect in thick marketing communication activities in ad whitethorn show capital punishment that is improved than those investing less powerfully in marketing infrastructure.In a big scenario the advertisement is treated from two viewpoints as advertisement specialists and customers. Advertisement specialists create decisions incident to preparation, creation and transmission of the advertisement. guests on the other hand act in response to the advert which advertisement specialists constitute produced and the presented them. Following incorporating these two perspectives we be able to state that constant communication of advert and customer is experiential in the advertisement procedure. As marketing specialists move picky center to the customers while advertise incredible, the advertisement mogul be called co mmunication procedureThere are some(prenominal) other soils for a customer to respond absolutely to advertizement. Advertising has the apparently charming property that persons whose tastes are to the highest degree excellent served by a cognise blot are those most probable to observe an ad intended for that daub. Advertisers make up the media in which they advertise in fraction to maximize the purchase likelihood intended for their brand. In result the producer distri unlesses his advertisements among media so that the communication is seen by persons who are most probable to repeat buy the crabby brand. Advertising capacity depends on expenditurers receptivity towards an ad and on their approach towards ad. For turn out advertisement ready out, persons respondents with more corroboratory attitudes towards advertising denyed a higher numeral of advertisements the day exposure. In the internet, it is recurrent that advertising is apply with levels of forced conta ct than only static banners whose level would lineage to print advertising of some typecast. Since higher intrusiveness leads to ad flight and irritation, a fewer prospering attitude among customers advertising send word be supposed. Presumptuous that the overall approach towards internet advertising is fewer favorable than towards print advertising, lower ad reminiscence can be dwelled. node Preference and acceptance in optimistic conditions mean the identical regression but it is positive to keep the fad in mind with discernment notice to indicate choices in the midst of unbiased or nourishd options with pass along representing a readiness to stand the condition or less lovable optionsAdvertising is an imperative social phenomenon. It stimulates economic activity way of lifels, consumption, life-styles and an assured value orientation. Customers are confronted with daily amount of advertising in numerous media. With the constant hit of different marketing media, it i s presumable that it will pay an effect on society and individualism as a whole. Commercial advertisers frequently seek to generate increased consumption of their products or services through branding, which involves the repetition of an image or product name in an driving to associate related qualities with the brand in the minds of consumers. Different types of media can be used to deliver these communicates, including traditional media such(prenominal) as newspapers, magazines, television, radio, outdoor or direct mail or new media such as websites and school text messages. Advertising whitethorn be placed by an advertising place on behalf of a company or other organization.Companies understand that marketing has an central purpose in their overall accomplishment. They recognize that if there are any functions near to customers its either Marketing or Sales. Sales recrudesce into a direct interface among products of companies and customers, and on the other hand market ing is an indirect function amidst company and customers. Most researchers have implicitly assumed that a consumer uses the same criteria to judge all brands in a product class in Von Restorff effect. This study views the consumer as a more flexible schooling processor. The delegates an individual recalls or uses to evaluate a brand in a product class whitethorn vary. To some extent, holdings whitethorn be influenced by the advertisement the consumer sees for the brand.There has been a strong support for the espousal of consumer retention in as one of the key implementation indicators in Von Restorff effect. It has found that there is a high association between customer retention and the profit earn by the industries. The fragmentation of media choices and the mobile nature of the marketplace, tied with an enlarged number of additional demanding and prosperous consumers, brought bigger challenges to marketing practitioners in keeping hold of their regular customers. An adve rtisement may fork up culture or so a brand on several set aparts. Attention getting services such as bold type and arrows can campaign attention to a point dimension and out from others. Advertisement induced recalls may or may not learn into product use during a subsequent brand evaluation. Marketers have implicitly assumed that hatful who see advertisements encouraging recall of specific brand attributes will increase their use of that study for brand evaluation. One precedent of this is using recall of a claim to test advertisement effectiveness. but research in social cognition indicates that enhanced recall of an attribute does not necessarily imply increased emphasis on that attribute during a subsequent brand evaluation in Von Restorff effect.In advertising, to get the attention of the forwarding is the most important medium of communication because it reaches closely all buyers in the category and is present at the crucial moment when procurement decision is made and buyers are livelyly involved with packaging as they examine it to obtain the information they need. A good accommodate packaging material works as an instrument to differentiate a product from a wide range of other products having similar qualities and helps customers to subside his buying behavior. It can be claimed that piece of land performs a vital role in marketing connections and can be treated as one of the most major(ip) feature to pursue consumers purchase judgment. In this context, pursuance to optimize the effectiveness of package in a buying place, the researches of package, its elements and their impact on consumers buying behaviour became a relevant issue.Due to sudden self-service and altering customers standard of living, their life style the awareness in package that includes size, quantity, color, shape as a mechanism of sales advertising and stimulator of spontaneous purchasing behavior is rising more and more. So package carries out an imperativ e role in advertising communications, in particular in the spot of sale and it is treated as the most epochal features influence purchase decision of consumers. Earlier study has shown that there is no agreement on categorization of package basics as well as package impact on purchase decision of consumers.The effectuate of striking information in an advertisement may be arbitrate by several individual and situational factors that may mediate the relationship between prominence in an ad and the evaluative criteria used. Advertisements are read both by consumers who are interested in evaluating the advertised brands (brand bear on) and by those who are not (non brand impact). Attribute information in an advertisement may be processed differently under brand impact and under non brand processing conditions.Color is one of the most important non vocal signs. The impact of colours for the marketers through advertisement is very well recognized. When it is about products, it is become aware as one of the foreseeable signs of the whole insure of products that also have an impact on the sales success of a product. Nowadays, it is reasonably clear that products must(prenominal)(prenominal) not be be aftered exclusively in order to meet up the functional needs of the customers but at the same time it must be attractive and eye catching as well. That is the main reason design is accentuate as a key marketing element. Conversely, colors do not just now lie in the aesthetics as it is strained that colors have two additional essential functions from a marketing viewpoint. The first use, it is suggested that colors draw attention to themselves by implying that color is the most necessary ocular element in advertising. The subsequent purpose of colors that is highlighted is the position of colors as a way of communication. Hence, it is declared that colors have the cultivation to ex invoke meanings predominantly while it comes to such marketing phenomenon as advertising and packaging.The graphics are any lines, metaphors, symbols, snaps, and text that narrate to the brand name. The most ordinary graphics in advertising are applications of figurative example and abstract symbolization with the exclusion that make use of design drawings the most. Characteristics of design fundamentals may be grouped as functional and optical elements. Visual include form, text, pictures, colors and decorations and functional elements comprise structural designs (store, protect, reclose and open), material designs (display value and emotional appeal), volume designs (economy). Advertisement must also draw customer attention with visual elements that please consumer psychosomatic desires other than their main functionalitiesConsumer attitude is a blend of perceptions, values and attitude. The customer must sign call attention the product and then focus beliefs and values on altitude of the product and make a choice and then decide to purchase or not . Beliefs are more susceptible to marketing than values for the reason that beliefs are subject matter to emotion and noesis. self perceptions of familiarity may actuate the individuals use of stored product class knowledge to exemplify and integrate new brand information. This approach to familiarity is phenomenological it focuses on the individuals subjective perceptions earlier than on an neutrally verifiable reality. There is consequence that self perceptions of familiarity are not alike to objective measures of expertise or knowledge and that these self perceptions involve processing. If prominence directs subjects attention to a key attribute, it may direct attention by from other, non prominent attributes in the ad and this may, in turn, decrease recall of non prominent attributes.An individuals evaluation occupation while viewing an advertisement may ingrain the processing that occurs during exposure. Brand and non brand tasks may involve different processes, but both may facilitate the use of prominent information. Prominent information may greatly usurp processing for those using a brand processing strategy. If prominent aspects of a stimulus are weighted more severely in evaluations because they receive more attention during exposure, they might be used more by consumers who are focusing on the brand and its attributes-in other words, those processing for brand evaluation. Work in governmental intuition has found that plurality who are interested in politics and must decide for whom to vote are more likely than other multitude to be repaired by the agenda-setting ability of mass mediaProminence may direct attention to particular stimuli or to particular aspects of stimuli. Under some circumstances, prominent stimuli may affect evaluations by directing processing. Researchers in political science provide some evidence by examining the agenda-setting role of the media during elections. The press may not be successful much of the time in carnal knowledge people what to think, but it is stunningly successful in telling its readers what to think about. Numerous empirical studies demonstrate that readers perceptions of issue importance-as measured by self-report rating scales and open-ended evocations reflect the emphasis these issues have received in the media to which they have been exposed. This does not mean that the media have stirred voters priorities perhaps people seek out media that concentrate on issues they ascertain are important. In addition to gropingty about the direction of causal influence, we must also as-certain the strength of the link between issues people say are important and those they actually use to evaluate and elect candidates. Evidence shows that this link may be rather strong. If this is so, the agenda setting function of the media may provide an example of prominence affecting the degree to which some issues affect attitudes although, of course, media do may also be due to direc t arguments asserting that particular issues in news stories are the important ones.Customer satisfaction and retention are the key elements for the planning of the marketing in view of the fact that satisfaction does sway customers intention to re-patronage the restaurant. Therefore, marketers are supposed to look into the issues that would have an effect on customer satisfaction intensity. Besides, as customer mindset are altering over time and it is advised to determine the customer satisfaction and expectation on regular basis and grip complaints apropos and effectively.An individuals evaluation task while viewing an advertisement may affect the pro-cessing that occurs during exposure. Brand and non brand tasks may involve different processes, but both may facilitate the use of prominent information. Prominent information may greatly affect processing for those using a brand processing strategy. If prominent aspects of a stimulus are weighted more heavily in evaluations becaus e they receive more attention during exposure, they might be used more by consumers who are focusing on the brand and its attributes-in other words, those processing for brand evaluation. Work in political science has found that people who are interested in politics and must decide for whom to vote are more likely than other people to be affected by the agenda-setting ability of mass media. Prominent information may also greatly affect processing for those using a non brand processing strategy. almostone called upon to evaluate a brand after processing the ad with such a strategy may simply use any(prenominal) information about the advertised brand pops into his head first-that is, some(prenominal) is most easily recalled. In such a case, if prominence affects the attributes recalled, it may affect the criteria used to form attitudes as under low involvement, advertising influences brand choice by changing the salient attributes of the advertised brand.Self perceptions of familiar ity may affect the individuals use of stored product class knowledge to interpret and integrate new brand information. This approach to familiarity is phenomenological it focuses on the individuals subjective perceptions rather than on an objectively verifiable reality. There is evidence that self-perceptions of familiarity are not equivalent to objective measures of expertise or knowledge and that these self perceptions affect processing. Those who consider themselves familiar with a product (high subjective familiarity) may obtain they have stored criteria for brand evaluation. They are aware of their stored product knowledge and may use it to interpret and integrate attribute information presented in an advertisement. In contrast, consumers who consider themselves unfamiliar with a product (low subjective familiarity) may feel they lack stored evaluative criteria. Such consumer may not attempt to use whatever knowledge they do have when presented with data about a new brand, fee ling that it is useless to try to evaluate such information. harvest specific attributes may seem confusing and meaningless instead, they may use information in the advertisement that is not product-specific. In some cases, they may use information about attributes that are normally used to evaluate objects in a more general class of products to which the unfamiliar product belongs or is related. For example, a consumer who feels s/he doesnt know anything about graze cream might use attributes appropriate for evaluating toiletries in general-such as scent-or those frequently found useful in evaluating products in general, such as price. In other cases s/he may, consciously or unconsciously, base brand attitude on evaluation of the advertisement itself.Thus self-perceptions of familiarity may affect the use of attribute information in an advertisement, and consumers who consider themselves unfamiliar with a product may be relatively unaffected by prominence. They may find all produ ct-specific attributes too confusing and meaningless to use, regardless of approachability. In contrast, consumers who consider themselves familiar with a product may be affected by prominence they may find it easy to integrate a new piece of information with stored data and may have the assumption to do so. If prominence affects the accessibility of this information, it may affect its use by this group.A brands advertising can affect both the brand attributes recalled and those used for subsequent evaluations. In addition, advertisement induced recall due to an attention focusing tactic does not necessarily imply increased emphasis on that attribute during a subsequent brand evaluation. This suggests that it is useful for marketers to distinguish between processing which leads to recall and that which leads to attitude formation. The results imply that availability and use in attitude formation are not equivalent elicitation procedures may not be appropriate techniques for obtain ing the attributes used to evaluate brands.Advertisers must always be on the lookout for new techniques or approaches to adequately disseminate their messages, and brand placement is becoming a more wide used form of communication. This practice has been a standard in the movie theater and television industry and is now making its mark in the pictorial matter game industry. Traditional media are losing speed, and thus the use of non-traditional media as a form of communication is becoming much more interesting for advertisers. To compete, it is almost becoming a must for advertisers to be present in these new forms of media and entertainment. Young adults are watching television less and less. This phenomenon is due to the egress of new technologies such as personal video recorders (PVR), leading people to watch their favourite TV channels off line. Once viewers have recorded these programs, they can watch them without any advertising breaks. The audience fragmentation resulting from the emergence of specialized channels has also complicated the task of any advertisers attempting to reach mass numbers of people. Brand placement is defined as the inclusion, for promotion purposes, of a product, brand or company name at heart a film or television program content. The objective of this strategy is to increase brand recognition, and ultimately lead to a positive impact on purchase preference or intent. Most research on brand placement has focused on two major themes, namely placement effectiveness with four identified criteria that prominence, clarity, integration within scenario, location on screen.For years advertisers and consumer behaviour researchers have studied the effects of advertisement on recall, attitude, and other evaluations related to the ad and the brand. This includes cognitive responses, such as attention, recall, brand preference, and brand evaluation. These areas of research reflect the growing convictions of legion(predicate) advertisers that consumers liking and disliking of an ad can influence its effectiveness regarding attention, recall, brand evaluations, other cognitive related responses, and reactions. For decision alternatives, consumers consistently acquire product information on product brand attributes functional to them. Such information in marketing communications is often conveyed either in numeral and literal modes or both. Results from past studies on information mode showed that judgments of numerical estimates and verbal expressions vary considerably across subjects. Despite the increasing importance of numerical information in marketing, the marketing and advertising literature is scant on the effects of numerical attribute information on consumer evaluation of products. In addition, research on the relationship between presentation forms and information mode has not been reviewed in the past, despite the growing importance of numerical attribute information and the persuasive nature of streng th in advertising. Hence, the importance of vividness in terms of ad evaluation is of interest. Although the effects of presentation form, vividness, in terms of its persuasive communication has yielded mixed results, this research attempts to examine and dispute the role of vividness and the mode of information used with the inclusion of a moderator, consumer knowledge, as a determinant of how consumers respond to product advertisement.Consumers product knowledge is likely to affect product attribute information evaluations and recall in ways that are not entirely predictable. For example, consumers make judgments and decisions about products and services under conditions of uncertainty and only rarely complete information is available for all important features and benefits of a given product for them to make a decision. Studies have shown that the general interpretation of knowledge depends on individuals currently active knowledge structures. In the knowledge literature, acces sibility of attribute information elapses the interpretation of that information about the possible relationships among elements of product class. furthermore, extremely accessible attributes related to product information in the ad are likely to guide the encoding of the information.Different consumers use different skills and strategies to evaluate information implying that variables such as individual difference in knowledge may be important moderators in information processing. Individuals might differ in their responses to arguments the message contains, with some people analyzing and reacting to each argument and others reacting mainly to the communications overall point rather than to the argumentation. It is bafflingly surprising that reactions to communications are highly variable, because individuals differ in disposition and in prior experiences they have had in relationships to the attributes in the ads, product category, and overall presentation contexts in which in fluence is exerted. This can affect their attitude and responsiveness to advertising. Possibly, a reason attributed to this responsiveness is that a consumers decision-making approach is made via different patterns as they gain knowledge through experience with a product. The moderating effects of consumer knowledge on processing and evaluation of numerical and verbal product attributes, and their interaction with vivid and non-vivid attribute information in advertising have also, until now, received little attention in the consumer behaviour literature. The effects of vividly presented information, for instance, vivid verbal or vivid numerical in an advertisement in general may be moderated by several individual and situational factors.Effects of advertising have been examined in the past, although, the influence of numerical versus verbal information content in advertising has not been examined. Studies in the area of information mode have primarily compared numerical information to verbal information with respect to information processing, memory, preference, and comparative judgments. Although studies have examined various aspects of advertising message content and format, no(prenominal) of the studies in the literature cited has made an attempt to measure subjects attitude toward to ad, and recall tested for all verbal and all numerical modes. On the other hand, some studies have compared the differences between visual and verbal information and their effects on brand attitude prior to the studies focusing on the par of verbal and numerical information. Other researchers have examined the differences between verbal message format and visual formats in terms of their effects on information processing, memory and evaluations concerning the product.Advertisers are aware that consumers are exposed to numerous amounts of uncertain information and that they must also use this information for making decisions irrespective of just choosing a specific mode of co mmunication. It is therefore reasonable to expect that preferences for a particular mode of information will influence how the information is encoded, retrieved, and then processed during decision-making situations. Online marketing is altering the way advertising is conducted and provides firms with a new lay of capabilities. This is able to be attributed to online advertising no longer seen as an optional component for business, other than a strategic platform. Therefore, businesses should point for online marketing to be an integral fraction of the business disadvantaged. The presence and accessibility to a web site is middle to online marketing. Though, as the number of companies exploiting online advertising and the use of explore engine marketing grows, it is flattering more hard for businesses to attract web site trafficThe availability heuristic estimates absolute frequency or probability by the ease with which instances or associations could be brought to mind. Some of th is may be relatively easy to access, although other information is less accessible. This accessibility or ease of recall is termed as availability. If one can easily retrieve examples from memory, one infers that the event must be fairly frequent or common and/or well rehearsed. In order to make evaluations one needs to recall relevant information from memory. development that is more available in memory will be utilize more in making the evaluation than information that is not pronto available. In the areas of social cognition and evaluative processes the availability of information in memory has been seen to influence estimates and judgments.Accordingly the techniques devised for assessing efficiency tend to be flex to the way TV advertising is thought to causal agent. But there is evidence of effective advertising in turn out media like newspaper, magazines, pamphlets , bills also, and this key summarises a small of it . There is to apply more extensively to bills or any pri nt advertising campaigns the disciplines of monitoring next to pre-strong-minded objectives. This applies both to fortnightly campaigns and too mixed-media campaigns which characteristic magazines as a substantial fraction of the mix. Furthermore in certain compliments the techniques of monitoring and of pre-difficult need to be modify to the distinctive method magazines work, than simply adopting the assumptions applied to TV. The variation in the efficiency of encoding and retention of information will certainly depend on the combined efficiency of a large amount of different compound processes. However, when opportunities arise for recall of the processed information, the availability of the information is emphasized. How then, might such properties and memory efficiency be related to other cognitive abilities? Is cognizance or interpretational ability just one aspect of general learning and memory? The issue of what, if any, relation exists between expertise and the ability to circumnavigate information for recall and evaluation is a complex one, to which relatively little research attention has been given. The objective is to detect the ability to manipulate information, perceive relations, and extract it from the memory for judgment. Consumers are aware of their stored product knowledge and may use it to integrate a new piece of information and justly retrieve them to interpret attribute information presented in the ad. On the contrary, consumers who are novices may lack the stored evaluative standard, and they may not use whatever knowledge they have when presented with a new piece of information about the product. They may feel it is useless to exert any kind of effort to process and evaluate the new information. Therefore novices use ad specific cues that are not product attribute oriented information because product attribute information may seem confusing and meaningless to them Customer satisfaction is defined as the consumers fulfillment re sponse. Customer satisfaction leads to the customer loyalty so it is necessary to s

The Entity Relationship Diagram

The Entity Relationship DiagramDesign the entropybase dodge for Petcargon. Petc ar is a medium sized veterinary surgery with six branches across London. They insufficiency a selective randomnessbase system developed to handle the records of the physicals they c ar for, prescriptions and participations.Entity- traffichip plotAn entity- alliance diagram (ERD) is a info fabricing technique that readys a graphical theatrical of the entities, and the relationships among entities, within an in inningation system. This diagram is often apply as a way to visualize a relational selective informationbase distri entirelyively entity represents a entropybase parry, and the relationship lines represent the discloses in virtuoso disconcert that point to limited records in related tables. ERDs may too be to a greater extent abstract, not necessarily capturing both table needed within a informationbase, scarce serving to diagram the major concepts and relationships.Definitio n of relationshipA relationship is nigh association betwixt entities. Relationship is sh experience by line mingled with entities. Relationship lines indicate that distributively instance of an entity may harbour a relationship with instances of the connected entity, or vice versa.Definition of entity deputeAn entity is characterized by a number of properties or attributes. Values assigned to attributes argon utilised to distinguish wholeness entity from another.Definition of Optionality and CardinalitySymbols at the dyings of the relationship lines indicate the optionality and the cardinality of separately relationship. Optionality expresses whether the relationship is optional or mandatory. Cardinality expresses the maximum number of relationships.Before analyzing the entities, permit withstand a look the definition of entity.An entity support define as a thing which an organization recognizes as being capable of an self-directed existence and which quarter be inco mparablely identified. In addition, an entity is an abstraction from the complexities of some domain. each entity is shown in box within the ERD.In this case study, the entities of the veterinary Surgery are identified as followedOwner is delineate owners of animals which include bid, address, inhabitation teleph unmatchable number and mobile telephone number animal is represented in ashesation of an animal which included sex, age and owner do is represented information of form for each animal typeAnimalType is represented type of animal (dog, cat, rabbit, etc)Appointment Petcare keep the following information the animal the assigning is for, the owner of the animal who requested the appointment, which veterinary doctor the appointment is with, the time and visualize of the appointment, the diagnosis do and the charge made for the appointmentPrescription is represented record shows the period, in days, that the drug must be taken for. The cost of the medication is also record edDrug contains the name of the drugDrugType contains the name of the drug type (Anti-biotic, Painkiller, Behaviour modification, Ear medication, come up medication) old stager is represented the following information kept about them name, address, home telephone number, and mobile telephone numberBranch is kept for each branch of Petcare. This records the name of the branch (En field of honor, Islington, Hackney, Holloway, Chingford or Leyton), address of the branch, telephone number, opening do hours and emergency contact telephone number.Identifying the relationships for the modelRelationships mean that in a relational database, all entities bring forth bonds among them, expressed as relationships. The relationship is a wed amid to entities, and it tells us something about which relationships exists between our entities. In the ER approach, more(prenominal) than one relationship closedown exist between either two entities.What is one-to- many an(prenominal) and many-to -many Entity RelationshipOne-to-Many Entity Relationship is by far the well-nigh common relationship type. It consists of either a one through many or a zero through many notations on one side of a relationship and a one and just now one or zero or one notation on the other.However, we can summarize all the entities to the Entity Relationship selective information Model.Diagram for Entity Relationship Data Model which describes the content and structure of the data held by Petcare.Owner formAnimalPrescriptionDrugDrugTypeAnimalTypeAppointmentVetAnimalTypeVetBranchnumber 1 entity relationship diagram for the Petcare.Normalized disconcerts card is a data ( value), which is the model of the vertical columns (which identifies the name) and the horizontal lines. A specified number of columns in the table, but may be any number of rows. Each row to grade the subset of the values in the column, which has been identified as a candidate divulge.Table in another term relationship, althoug h thither is the difference that a table is usually a multi-set (bag) as a series, and does not allow copies. In addition, the actual data rows, the panels are generally associated with some other meta-data, such(prenominal) as restrictions on the table or the values in columns. patriarchal cayPrimary depict is a field or conclave of fields that drollly identify a record in the table, so each tag can be placed without confusion.Primary key is the field (s) ( master(a) key can be made up of more than one field) that uniquely identifies each record, ie the first key is unique to each record and the value will never be duplicated in the same table. A bashfulness is a rule that defines what data are valid for the area. So the master(a) key constraint is the rule which says that the uncreated key field can not be empty and can not contain duplicate data.Database systems usually take a shit more than one table, and these are usually related in any way. For example, a customer t able and an Order table relate to each other on a unique customer number. The customer table will ever be a record for each customer, and the Order table has a record for each order that the customer has.Foreign keysA foreign key (sometimes referred to as the reference key) is a key use of goods and servicesd to link two tables together. Typically, you will have a primary key field from one table and paste it into another table, which becomes the foreign key (the primary key in the original table).A foreign key constraint that the data in the foreign keys must be consistent with the primary key of the table is linked. This is called reference integrity is to ensure that data entered is fall off and is not uniqueDefinition of NormalizationDatabase universalization is a technique to reduce to the minimum duplication of information for designing relational database tables and in doing so to maintain the database for certain types of structural and luculent problems, that is to sa y data anomalies. For example, when a given piece of information has multiple instances to be rig in a table, this possible happen that these instances will not be kept consistent during the data in the table is updated, leading to a loss of data integrity. The such kind of problems are less penetrable to a sufficiently normalized table, because its structure reflects the basic assumptions of the multiple instances of the same information should be used when a single instance of only.There are rules for UNF, 1NF, 2NF, 3NF, BCNF, 4NF, 5NF and domain-Key NF. Most textbooks mention 5NF and DKNF only in passing and note that they are not particularly applicable to be design process. Normalization is unfeignedly about the formalism of simple ideas. All too often, the simplicity is preoccupied in esoteric terminology and papers are often also concerned with the formalism and provide very practical insight.In this project, why need a normalization the database, it is because normaliz ation is about designing a good database i.e. a set of related tales with a minimum of bare(a) data and no update, delete or insert anomalies.Normalization is a bottom up approach to database design, The designer interviews drug users and collects documents reports etc. The data on a report can be listed and then normalized to produce the needed tables and attributes.First normal form to second normal formTo go on form first normal form to second normal form I remove part-key dependencies. A relation is in second normal form if and only if it is first normal form every non key attributes is totaly functionally dependent on the primary key harbor for instance the table named Animal here I have a tow compound key BreedID and AppointmentID. BreedID and AppointmentID have influence on the Animal. because I brake out the determinant and dependent data items into their own table.Second normal form to third normal formTo move form second normal forms to tired normal form I remove in ter-data dependences (non-key dependences).A relation is in third normal form if and only if it its in second normal form and every non-key attribute is non-transitively dependent on the primary keyA use full mnemonic for remembering the relation for normalization is the distortion of the legal adjuration presented belowNo repeating groupThe data items depended upon the key.The while key And nothing but the keySo jock me cypher.Boyce-Codd Normal course of action (BCNF)A relation is in Boyce-Codd normal form (BCNF) if and only if every one of its important functional dependencies is a candidate key. The definition of BCNF is manipulation certain situations which 3NF does not deal with. To distinguish the characteristics of a relation between 3NF and BCNF are given below. Since it is such a relationship is unlikely to have these properties, in the real life design the most case of the relations in 3NF are also in BCNF. Therefore many authors see a vaguely distinction between 3NF and BCNF when it involves about giving advice to normalize a design for long term. As the relations in 3NF and BCNF are slightly difference, it is a bit difficult to bring up with significantly examples. To be strictly conforming to the definition of 3NF does not handle a relation that1. Has multiple candidate keys, which2. Those candidate keys are composite, and3. The candidate key overlap. For example, the candidate keys have at least one common attribute. present is all tables after normalizationOwnerIDNameAddressHomePhoneNumberMobileTable 2.11 VetAnimalTypeUsing a Database Management System (database circumspection system) set-up all of the above normalised tablesA Database Management System (database counselling system) is a set of ready reckoner software plans. It examines the creation, maintenance, and the use of the database with computer as a platform or of an organization and its end users. It allows the organizations to place control of organization-wide database d evelopment in the hands of database executive directors and other specialists. A DBMS is a set of system software. It helps the use of integrated parade of data records and files known as databases. It allows the programs of diametrical user application to door the same database easily.A DBMS is a set of software programs that controls the organization, storage, management, and recovery of data in a database. DBMSs are categorized according to their data structures or types. The DBMS accepts requests for data from an application program and instructs the operating system to transfer the appropriate data. The queries and responses must be submitted and received according to a format that conforms to one or more applicable protocols. When a DBMS is used, information systems can be changed much more easily as the organizations information requirements change. New categories of data can be added to the database without disruption to the actual system.A DBMS includes four main parts data structure, casting language, database ask language, and transaction mechanismsComponents of DBMSData Definition Subsystem helps user to create and maintain the data dictionary and define the structure of the files in a database.DBMS Engine accepts logical request from the various other DBMS subsystems, converts them into physical equivalent, and actually accesses the database and data dictionary as they exist on a storage device.Data Manipulation Subsystem helps user to add, change, and delete information in a database and head it for valuable information. Software tools within the data manipulation subsystem are most often the primary embrasure between user and the information contained in a database. It allows user to specify its logical information requirements.Data Administration Subsystem helps users to manage the overall database environment by providing facilities for backup and recovery, security management, query optimization, concurrency control, and change manag ement.Application Generation Subsystem contains facilities to help users to develop transactions-intensive applications. It usually requires that user perform a detailed series of designates to process a transaction. It facilities easy-to-use data entry screens, programming languages, and interfaces.Microsoft Access 2003 to frame-up normalized tables and designed test data.Set-up and test all of the following queries using incorporate interrogative Language (SQL).Structured Query Language (SQL) is a computer language which is designed for managing data in a relational database management system. It lets users to access and manipulate the database. The following task is to ostentation how the Structured Query Language helps users to managing data in the Academic Human resources department system. An SQL query manifests itself as a series of commands or statements. Queries may include arithmetic calculations and can use query elements or procedures stored in the system. SQL datab ases are designed from using SQL queriesThe SQL language is used to ask database questions for the data stored inside the database what is the value of the element stored in Name index?, or what is the relationship between the data name and salary?. Manipulative commands, like insert data or update record are also issued using SQL queries. A Data Definition Language allows SQL queries to create or administer the data structures, the tables of data, which constitute the database. The actual syntax used is a little more strict and regimented than these natural language phrases suggest, but in impression this is the type of communication that will take place between a relational database and the person or device querying it using SQL.Provide printouts of SQL code for each query and the output produced when you run the query in the database you have developed bring out the names and addresses of the branches of Petcare and the names of all the veterinary doctors workings at each of th e branches. Any specialism(s) of the veterinary doctors should also be shown. under is the SQL code for create the table.SELECT Branch.BranchName, Branch.Address, VET.VetName, AnimalType.AnimalTypeNameFROM (AnimalType interior(a) JOIN VetAnimalType ON AnimalType.AnimalTypeID = VetAnimalType.AnimalTypeID) INNER JOIN (Branch INNER JOIN VET ON Branch.BranchID = VET.BranchID) ON VetAnimalType.VetAnimalTypeID = VET.VetAnimalTypeIDDisplay all the appointments for the whole of the Petcare organisation. This should be ordered by date. The result should display the branch the appointment is at, the name of the veterinary doctor the appointment is with, the date and time of the appointment, the name of the animal the appointment is for, the type of animal and the breed of the animal.Below is the SQL code for create the table.SELECT Branch.BranchName, Vet.VetName, Appointment.Date, Appointment.Time, Animal.AnimalName, AnimalType.AnimalTypeName, Breed.BreedNameFROM (Branch INNER JOIN Vet ON Br anch.BranchID = Vet.BranchID) INNER JOIN ((AnimalType INNER JOIN Breed ON AnimalType.AnimalTypeID = Breed.AnimalTypeID) INNER JOIN (Animal INNER JOIN Appointment ON Animal.AnimalID = Appointment.AnimalID) ON Breed.BreedID = Animal.BreedID) ON Vet.VetID = Appointment.VetIDTask 5 assumptions and ImprovementsAssumptionFor the design the Petcare database system, we have made some assumptions before the implementation of the database. The entity relationship diagramming is created to identify each entity, relationship and attributes. The assumptions are the followsWe must need to assign vet to any new appointment.Since each doctor only can work at one Branch at a time and they can secernate more than one type of animal. This mean all branch can for any type of animal to make appointment.set all the primary keys and foreign keys in all of the tables, each table have their unique ID. Each table should have a primary key, and each table can have only one primary key.In the task 3, we are u sing DBMS, Microsoft Access 2003, to setup normalized tables and designed test data.In the task 4, we are using SQL statements base on Microsoft Access 2003 to query our database to investigate the database system can be fulfills the requirements or not.Base on using the Entity relationship data model that describes the content and structure of the data help by the department. At the real environment, we can consider the database on three levels of abstraction external, conceptual, and internal.The external level also has the users views of the database. This is depending on their needs, different users access different parts of the database.ImprovementsObject-orientation and databasesBoth object-oriented programming and relational database management systems (RDBMSs) are extremely common in software today. Since relational databases do not store objects directly (though some RDBMSs have object-oriented features to approximate this), there is a general need to bridge the two worlds. The core of object-relational thought is the ability to incorporate greater levels of abstraction into data models. This idea represents a major shift in the way that data simulate is done. incumbent relational databases are usually highly normalized but with little abstraction. Each thing of interest is instantiated as a relational table. As a result, systems frequently require numerous database tables and an equal number of screen modules and reports. The program modules are usually establish directly on these tables with user work flow only instantiated through the way that the hundreds of screen modules interact. The object-oriented (OO) approach to data modeling will be something of a change for people familiar with entity relationship modeling. Even though we still end up with tables and relationships at the end of the process, the way to think about the modeling process has to change. Object-relational data models have several advantages over traditionalistic data models They require fewer entities (or classes in object-oriented terminology) They are more robust, in that they will support not only the specific user requirements gathered during the analysis phase, but will also usually support a broader class of requirements They are more permanent in that, as new requirements arise, the models will require fewer changes than traditional modelsData is not information unless it is cute. Information value provides profit or gain only when accessible or used. Accessibility and use, through organised systems, provides competitive advantage. Speed determines the degree of competitive advantage. Computerized database systems are thus, the ultimate order of high-speed information retrieval. It is not difficult to build an organized database system. The difficulty lies in the laborious, mundane task of collecting, categorizing and maintaining the massive amounts of data.Information is not valued unless it is legitimate. It must be valid and true to be w orthy of use in decision-making. So, it is critical that all aspects of our system provide quality. To quote statistics based on erroneous data is considered foolish or criminal. The core of object-relational cerebration is the ability to incorporate greater levels of abstraction into data models. This idea represents a major shift in the way that data modeling is done. rate of flow relational databases are usually highly normalized but with little abstraction.The database systems have become so important to organizations that the activity is devoted to planning for, monitor and administering the systems. We can focus on the planning and managerial activities relevant to database. It is outlined the concept of data administration, the scope of the data administration function, relate the be and benefits of having a data administration functions. It also defines the concept of a data dictionary and considers the issue of database security. The data control is primary function for the database administrator (DBA). The DBA needs to be able to do three main things preserve would-be users from logging-on to the database apportion access to specific parts of the database to specific usersAllocate access to specific operations to specific usersFor the DBMS toolkit to review the database, the interface is essential function of most ICT systems it to interact with users. The three aspects are the content, control and format. The interface can be seen as collection of dialogues between the user and the ICT systems.

Design of Vehicle Security and Passenger Protection System

Design of Vehicle Security and Passenger Protection dodgeUnderstand fomite security, environmental jibe and passenger nourishion schemes admissionI provide learn that thither argon many advantages in the advanced ex convert door shut away clay. I will be learning the electricalalal wiring of a typical modern car, and adding illustrations to explain the various components. I will be explaining the operating principles and identifying the main separate of the environmental govern carcass much(prenominal) as the EGR principles for a Hitachi fomite mentioning how it works according with the hold in Valves and later examining the service and rep mien procedures for a defective valve. I will include the oxidization process in a catalytic convertor with equations presentation the addition of oxygen to hydro ampere-second when passed entirely over a atomic number 78 p e reallyadium catalyst. The pall produces denigrating emissions swashes damaging to the airwave w hen released into air. The catalytic converter includes a core of ceramics containing many pores which mea sealed slight than 1mm. Most catalytic converters pee a good life prediction but should be checked periodically for internal and external damage. mind Criteria 3.1 The primal secure musical arrangement of a motor car moldiness give access to the device driver, it is the means from which the vehicle doors and boot lid be put to sleep awayed and unsecured and the railway locomotive is started. The primordial lockup brass in a vehicle essential give access only to the driver or an authorised person. In past years, only mechanical systems could be operated from the immaterial with a break or from the privileged with a knob. The central lock systems utilize originally brought about signifi potbellyt improvements in comfort and convenience.The electric lock systems ar very common today in virtually vehicles, they work with an infrared or wireless far control. Th ey can be triggered remotely, for example without contact between pick out and vehicle. The latest systems use tout ensemble tellless vehicle access. The driver only motifs to have a sender in their pockets, the doors are then unlocked when the driver touches a door achievele which has a built-in contact point.The central locking system provides locking/unlocking of the entire vehicle from one central outside(prenominal) point. It is the means in which the vehicle doors and boot lid are locked and unlocked and the locomotive is started. The locking system is operated with a name or remote control. These systems feature a built-in clean reservoir which triggers the locks on all doors when the key is turned in a lock.The central locking system has the fol get-going components doorsill handle/Handle strip, the door handle is the conventional means by which a vehicle is undetermineded and closed(a) from at heart or outside. The outside door strip unremarkably houses the do or lock. Door strips are frequently used as design elements in modern cars. They can be chrome-plated or paint-finished in the same colour as the vehicle.Door lock/Actuator, the locking mechanism in a vehicle is installed forthwith privileged the doors. It contains both a latch and an electric motor (actuator) which controls the central locking system. The latch opens or closes the doors, while on the other hand the door lock, locks or unlocks the vehicle. Today, all doors latches are powered by electric drives.Fuel filler cap, the fire filler cap will safely seal the fuel tank. Some fuel filler caps have locks, others do non. Fuel filler caps with locks are ordinarily found on vehicle which have any a fuel filler flap which does not lock or no fuel filler flap at all. Fuel filler caps without locks are found on vehicles whose fuel filler flap is locked automatically via the central locking system.Transponder, the transponder is usually integrated inside the key bow. It is th e means by which the electronic immobiliser identifies the correct key is beingness used. The transponders regulation is read out as the key nears the ignition lock. If the code is correct, the electronic immobiliser will send a start signal enabling the engine.Remote control, the remote controls are being used with increasing oftenness in wasted cars, substituting the functions of a conventional key to all intents and purposes. A signal canaliseter sends a signal or a coded order instruction to a receiver inside the vehicle, which usually controls a number of functions. Infrared remote controls have a range of up to 15 m. They depend upon the direct visual contact between transmitter and receiver. Today the infrared remote controls are only used rarely as they have been overtaken by other technologies. Wireless remote controls transmit on radio frequencies and have a range of up to roughly 100 m.Keys, are the basic function and remote control of the locking and unlocking of doors, luggage compartments, fuel filler cap, etc. they are also used to control the interior lighting and electronic immobiliser, the deject system and the window lifters. The keys are made up of of twain units the milled, toothed key blade and the key bow. The latter is home to an increasing number of electronic functions such as the remote control for the central locking system or the boot lid.Start/ lug system, traditionally a vehicle key was needed to unlock the steering lock and to start the engine. on that pointfore, the vehicle key was enhanced with the addition of a transponder-based release mechanism for the electronic immobiliser. Today, keyless systems are increasingly being used to start engines. In a keyless system, a transmitter, which usually also houses the controller for the central locking is fitted into a reader in the vehicle and the engine is then started by pressing a button.Steering lock, the steering locks have been a despotic requirement set by insur ance companies since 1969.They provide aegis against stealing. They are the means from which the steering column is unlocked sand the engine is started, either electrically or by conventional mechanical means. My-cardictionary.com (2016)plat 1, An galvanising Wiring Diagram for the Central Locking arranging of an E36 Coupe vehicleJustanswer.com (2016)Diagram 2, showing a Single Lock, Phase 1, mechanical lock at door and lock signal generation for a BMW vehicleUn removeicialbmw.com (2016)The lock button and key mechanically rotate the lock lever which decouples the outside(prenominal) door handle from the latch. When this is rotated the lock lever croaks an internal renewal ramp to the left closing the lock micro-switch. This provides the lock signal to the GM. When the GM receives the lock signal it activates an internal relay number 1, providing power by means of the closed single lock contact to the actuator motor. Ground is provided through the modules closed contact of re lay number 3. The vehicles actuator motor become energised until the single lock circuit is opened by the gear driven slider. All actuators stop at the single locked position. From this point the external door handles are decoupled from the latch mechanism stopping entry from outside of the vehicle.Assessment Criteria 3.2 Emission control system in vehicles depend on the reduction and dis signal of harmful floates from the internal- conflagration engine and other components. There are three main sources of blowes released from the engine exhaust, the crankcase, and the fuel tank and carburettor. The exhaust pipe sets free burned and unburned hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide, oxides of nitrogen and sulphur, there are traces of various acids, alcohols and phenols. In environmental control systems the vehicle emissions focusses on types of emissionsHydrocarbons, a line of burned or partially burned fuel, hydrocarbons are a study contributor to smog, causing problems in urban areas. ca rbon monoxide, is a product of partial combustion, carbon monoxide reduces the bloods cleverness to carry oxygen, carbon monoxide poisoning is dangerous and fatal.Nitrogen oxide, is produced when nitrogen in the air reacts with oxygen at a mettlesome temperature and coerce inside the engine. dark is a precursor to smog and acid rain. NOx is a mixture of NO, N20, and NO2. NOx production is step-upd when an engine runs at its just about effectual part of the cycle.Sulphur oxide, is a term for oxides of sulphur, it is emitted from motor vehicles desirous fuel containing sulphur. The reduction of sulphur reduces the level of Sulphur oxide emissions from the tailpipe. Rjdaviesmotor.com (2016)One environmental control system is the lave Gas Recirculation (EGR) exhaust brag recirculation. This is an efficient way to reduce the NOx emissions from the engine. It works by recirculating a mensuration of exhaust gas back to the engine cylinders. A valve is used to go for the flow of gas it whitethorn be closed completely if required. The EGR intermixes the recirculated gas with the incoming air lessen the amount of O2 for combustion, cut backing the steer temperature of combustion. In other words, the substitution of burnt gas for oxygen rich air reduces the proportion of the cylinder contents available for combustion, causing a lower heat release and peak cylinder temperature reducing the formation of NOx. A presence of an inert gas in the cylinder further limits the peak temperature. The gas is recirculated is usually achieved by piping a route from the exhaust manifold to the white plague manifold. The gas recirculated is passed through the EGR cooler reducing the temperature of the gas, reducing the cylinder charge temperature when the EGR is used, the EGR system has devil benefits firstly the reduction of charge temperature resulting in lower peak temperature, and secondly the great density of cooled EGR gas allows for a spiriteder proportion of EG R to be used. On a diesel engine engine, the recirculated fraction may be as high as 50% under some operating conditions. The control valve in spite of appearance the circuit regulates and clipping the gas flow.There are disadvantages and difficulties of an EGR system, especially in diesel engines where the tradeoff between NOx and particulates is higher. The EGR reduces the available oxygen in the cylinder, the production of particulates fuel which is only partly combusted is increased when the EGR is applied. The reduction of the oxygen available in the cylinder will reduce the peak power available from the engine. The EGR is usually shut off when full power is required so the EGR shape up to controlling NOx fails in this situation. The EGR system cannot respond instantly to changes in demand and the exhaust gas takes epoch to flow around the EGR circuit. devising the calibration of the EGR behaviour to a greater extent interlocking. A faulty EGR system may result in one c ylinder receiving too much high particulate emissions while another cylinder receives too little, resulting in high NOx emissions from that cylinders. Cambustion.com (2016)Diagram3, Cooled Exhaust Gas Recirculation (EGR) System for Tata Hitachi Construction MachineryTatahitachi.co.in (2016)Diagram 4, An EGR functional illustrationSlideshare.com (2016)Another environmental control system is a catalytic converter. The catalyst converter changes the harmful pollutants in the exhaust gases into harmless gases. It is located, in the exhaust system and all exhaust gas must move along through it. The catalyst is a material normally platinum palladium in the catalytic converter that causes a chemical change without being a part of the chemical response. The result is the exhaust gas leaving the catalytic converter with less harmful HC, CO, NOx. The catalytic converter converts the pollutants by catalysing a redox reaction (oxidation or reduction). Catalytic converters are used with interna l combustion engines fuelled by either petrol or diesel. There are two types of converters1. The oxidization catalytic converter the oxidation catalyst is the second stage of catalyst converter. It reduces the unburned hydrocarbon and carbon monoxide by fervent (oxidising) them over a platinum palladium catalyst.Diagram 5, An illustration showing the oxidization catalytic converter and the various gases emitted from the exhaustQuickhonda.net (2016)2. The reduction catalytic converter The reduction catalyst is the first stage of the catalytic converter, it uses platinum and rhodium to reduce nitrogen oxide emissions.Diagram 6, The chemical process in the reduction catalytic converterSine.ni.com (2016)Assessment Criteria 3.3 All vehicles are intentional to protect the drivers and passengers in a smash, some cars are better at this than others. In a well-designed vehicle, all the incompatible golosh systems work together in keeping the driver and passengers safe in many differe nt go under situations. Working together the safeguard systems move in up the house physician protection system. The vehicle must have a strong organise to absorb the crash force while keeping the driver and passenger compartments intact. Passenger safety systems comprise of the followingCrumple zones, in the frontage, support and offset (those occurring at an angle) crashes, modern vehicles protect occupants by absorbing crash energy and reducing the forces in which the driver is exposed. This is because the front and rear sections riffle in a controlled and progressive manner, allowing the driver and passenger compartment to decelerate more slowly. The deceleration signifies less force passing onto the driver and passenger so the injuries are less possible.Safety Belts, they are necessary safety fixtures in a vehicle, most modern safety knockings have pretensioners. They tighten the safety smasher in case of a collision. They have included thin limiters which help to c ontrol the movements in a collision.Airbags, help to stop the driver and passengers from hitting hard parts of the vehicle in moderate to grueling crashes. There are many different types of airbags available. Most vehicles manufactured in the last 15 years have driver and passenger frontal airbags. Todays newer cars have side torso-protecting airbags and side curtain airbags. The side curtain airbags protect a persons head in a side wallop crash. locating airbags with head protection, they are a very important safety point which can stop serious injury in a pole-side impact.ISOFix nipper restraint anchorages, there are specified lower anchorage points for the instalment of child restraints. These make it easier to install the child restraints correctly.Inflatable rear safety belts, the inflatable sections of these safety belts may be shoulder only or lap and shoulder. This system supports the head during a collision, it also provides side impact protection. Inflatable safety be lts have tubular inflatable bladders kept within an outer filmdom. When a collision occurs, the bladder inflates with a gas to increase the area of the restraint which touches the passenger. During a collision at the same time the inflatable rear safety belt shortens in length, tightening the belt around the passenger and improving protection.Pre-crash systems, this is a system which discover an speedy collision and automatically puts into action safety devices like safety belt pretensioners.Rollover occupant protection systems, happen a rollover situation and deploys occupant protection systems like inflatable curtains. Rollover-enabled air bags are intended to stay lofty after a crash for about five seconds. This give greater protection from the head curtain air bags which deploy in a side-impact collision.Active head restraint, a seat is designed to respond to reverse collisions by moving the head restraint forward. It exercises other actions to lower the danger of whiplas h type injuries.Head restraint for all seats, they are designed with specific geometry to protect an adult in a road collision from the rear.Automatic hint call (eCall), is a system which alerts the emergency run if a severe collision occurs. Rightcar.govt.nz (2011)Assessment Criteria 3.4 For instance, the expert checking of the brake and altering procedures and security system for a Porsche Macan model car could detect a defective central locking system which sometimes requires the changing of the small battery inside the key housing by using a small screwdriver. When there is a defective battery the central locking system and car consternation will not work accordingly. There are several steps to take when this happens. Normally, the drivers door will lock all functioning locking elements of the central locking system, so the emergency locking procedure should be carried out. A qualified Porsche specialist store technician should carry out the necessary diagnostics and repair .To Changing the Drivers Key (Remote Control Battery) the steps are as followsN.B Please observe the regulations for disposing of batteriesIf the battery in the remote control becomes too weak, the message Replace Ignition key battery will appear on the multi-function display on the musical instrumentate panel. The battery should be changed in this case.To Changing the battery CR 2032, 3 V, you should carry out the following proceduresRemove the emergency key.Lever off the cover on the back of the key housing using a small screwdriver.Change the battery (the polarity should be checked)Refit the cover and press together firmly.Insert the emergency key.By using a push and release mechanism the emergency key within the drivers key is uncovered by using the button to the side. The emergency key can be pulled out and used to unlock the front door of the vehicle. The central locking system controls the doors, tailgate and filter flap. The central locking system is always activated when unlocking and locking the vehicle. On the multi-function display on the instrument panel there are different variants for locking and unlocking the doors and tailgate.The Alarm SystemThe alarm system monitors the following alarm contactsAlarm contacts in doors, tailgate, engine compartments lid and headlights.Interior surveillance, movement in the interior when the vehicle is locked, e.g. essay theft after breaking a window.Inclination sensor Tilting of the vehicle e.g. attempt to tow the vehicle.Trailer hitch socket, e.g. unauthorised unhitching of the trailer.If one of these alarm contacts is interrupted the alarm horn will sound for approximately 30 seconds and the hazard warning lights flash. After a 5 second faulting the alarm is triggered again. The cycle is repeated up to ten times. The alarm system is activated when the vehicle is locked, is deactivated when the vehicle is unlocked. When there are faults in the central locking system, the indicator light comes on for 10 se conds, then it flashes at double speed for 20 seconds and then flashes normally.Although the helpful car alarm is necessary for the security of the car, it can go off unpredictably and steady refuse to turn itself off. The safety of the vehicle is very important there are a few methods of troubleshooting the car alarm.m.wikihow.com (2016)Disabling a Car AlarmDisabling the car alarm can be a temporary arranged before getting professional auto assistance. reasonableness the basics of an alarm system is very important, there are a few components that an alarm system usesControl unit, this part is often referred to the superstar as it functions as the command centre for the system.Alarm transmitter, this comes in two forms, key remote or key.Sensors, alarms vary and can get complex with very many sensors like pressure, door or window sensors.Siren, alarms need some type of warning signal, a few systems have their sustain siren component while others are wired to the car stereo.Wires assort the siren to the control unit, fuses, and the control unit to the sensors. disjunction the battery, to do it open the hood and locate the battery, using a socket wrench unscrew the forbid terminal (-) of the battery and pull it off. This is a safety measure to observe accidents because working with the vehicles electronics can be dangerous.Find the alarm system, it can usually be found under the hood near the steering wheel.Disconnect the wires, some alarm control units have labels for each wires, by fetching off the wires attached to the control unit and removing the wires attached to the siren, are two ways to disable and tranquillize the alarm.Pull the wire of the siren, this will silence the alarm.Reconnect the battery and test the car, put the plug of the battery back in, to make sure the alarm is not going off again. Turn on the car and give the engine an increase of speed. This will make sure that the car can still function. M.wikihow.com (2016)Assessment Criteri a 3.5The reduction of oxides of nitrogen (NOx) engines have been equipped with exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) valves. The EGR valves opens at speeds above idle on a warm engine. When the valve is open, it allows a small portion of the exhaust gas to enter the intake manifold. The exhaust gas is recirculated and takes the place of some the intake mixture. The recirculated exhaust gas is without power and does not enter the combustion process. diagnosis a defective EGR valve is very straight forward. If the EGR valve is not working or the flow of the exhaust gas is within limits, then the following symptoms will happenA spark-knock is created when there is an increase of speed during normal tearaway(a)Excessive oxides of nitrogen (NOx), exhaust emissions.If the EGR valve is stuck open, then these symptoms will show gross idle or loss of speedPoor performance/low powerThe first step in diagnosing the fault is to perform a thorough visual inspection. Checking the proper operation of a vacuum operated EGR valve.To check the operation of the Vacuum-Operated EGR valve, we have toCheck the vacuum diaphragm to conform to if it can hold the vacuum. N.B. Because some EGR valves require exhaust back pressure to work correctly, the engine should be running at the correct RPM. pass vacuum from a hand operated vacuum pump and check for well(p) operation. The valve should move when the vacuum is applied and the engine operation should be moving. The EGR valve must be able to hold the vacuum that was applied. If the vacuum drops off, then the valve is likely to be defective. Pearsoned.ca (2016)ConclusionIt is useful to k instantaneously that the central locking system unlocks all doors of a car and it is controlled by a key with a unique code which synchronizes with the cars alarm system. Once the key is used for locking the car the engine immobilizer will go off. Then the vehicles computer system will work with the same code from the car key, therefore possibility the en gine immobilizer. Consequently, when the engine immobilizer is on, the car will not start. With the evolution of time the central locking system has advanced in their working and is now operated remotely from a distance.In question 3.2 I have understood that emissions of many air pollutants have shown a variety of negative effects on public health and the environment. Emissions such as hydrocarbons a class of burned or partially burned fuel are very toxic. Smog is a major contributor to pollution, and prolonged exposure to hydrocarbons set up to asthma, liver disease, lung disease and cancer. Carbon monoxide is a product of incomplete combustion which reduces the bloods ability to carry oxygen. Carbon monoxide poisoning is a killer in high concentrations.However, the Exhaust gas recirculation system (EGR) was firstly used in the USA and Canada in the 1970s and later developed by major car manufacturers to lower the harmful gases released into the atmosphere. Dr Donald H. Stedman of the University of Denver invented engine room using infra-red to detect the exhaust gases used in urban areas. It is a way of scrutiny the various gases released into the environment. Finally, I can say that with the advancement of time technology has improved the design and security of the car to ensure the safety of the vehicle.ReferencesCambustion.com (2016) Exhaust Gas Recirculation (EGR) and NOx Measurement, NOx Emissions online Available at http//www.cambustion.com/products/egr Accessed twenty-eighth butt against 2017My-cardictionary.com (2016), Central Locking System online Available at http//www.my-cardictionary.com/accessories/central-locking-system.html Accessed twenty-eighth environ 2017Pearsoned.ca (2016) Emission Control Devices Operation, Diagnosis, and Service online Available at http//www.pearsoned.ca/highered/divisions/virtual_tours/halderman/data/Halderman_AutoTec_ch30pdf Accessed 28th March 2017Quickhonda.net (2016) Exhaust Flow in an Automobile online Avai lable at http//www.quickhonda.net/exhaust.htm Accessed 28th March 2017Rightcar.govt.nz (2011) Protection Systems During A Crash online Available at http///rightcar.govt.nz/protection-during-a-crash.html Accessed 28th March 2017Rjdaviesmotor.com (2016), R.J. Davies Motor Repairs, online Available at http//rjdaviesmotor.com/services/emission-problems/ Accessed 28th March 2017Sine.ni.com (2016) Using Compact RIO and Lab VIEW to Reduce NOx Emissions from Ship Engines online Available at http//sine.ni.com/cs/app/doc/p/id/cs-12978/lang/en/pdf/yes/pdf Accessed 28th March 2017Unofficialbmw.com (2016), Central Locking, Purpose of the System online Available at http//www.unofficialbmw.com/images/lock.pdf Accessed 28th March 2017

Reflective Analysis Time Management And Nursing Nursing Essay

Reflective Analysis Time focusing And Nursing Nursing Es submitAn so fart that was meaningful to me as a draw happened during my clinical period at St. Michaels Hospital when I did no(prenominal) wash off my diligent before 800 am in indian lodge to prep ar her to go to a waxy surgery appointment subsequent on that day. My unhurrieds 1000 am Heparin administration was delayed by 45 minutes because she was world wash at that date. This event breathered because I did non prioritize the undertakings I had to complete during the day properly, and therefore I learned the importance of period talk termsment duration I pee as a nurse on the clinical unit.Besides me, the peck who were involved in the event were the registered nurse who I shadowed, my clinical teacher, and my bookman nurse buddy. At the beginning of the clinical day, while the events happened, I contacted my instructor, my nurse, and my pupil nurse buddy. The nurse and I sat down to look at the Kardex of uncomplainings and wrote down notes on our Personal Organizational final cause (P.O.P.). On the Kardex, my patients restrict was the same as yesterday except she would hold up a plastic surgery appointment later on that day. Usually the patients economise would go out her daily well-nigh 930 am and provide worry which including airstream the patient and cooperateing her to perform bowel elimination. My patient prefer commensurate that nurses leave them alone while her husband pull offs to her. On this particular day, the patients husband had an appointment and could not visit his wife in the morning, which meant it was my responsibility to wash my patient early so she could be ready for her appointment. I verbally informed my pupil nurse buddy that I would need her protagonist to wash my patient but I thought my memory was faithful enough that I did not have to write down this particular task on my P.O.P. When I met with my patient, I concentrated on measuring her vital signs, completing the initial assessment, breast feeding activities, and interviewing my patient for the Roy C atomic number 18 Plan assignment as these tasks were originally listed on the P.O.P. I made positive(predicate) I finished charting by 900 am. Once I finished charting, the nurse came up to me to put one across if I had bathed my patient and I replied no. From the nurses unsatisfied facial response, I realized I should have bathed my patient earlier in advance. My clinical instructor also asked my assimilator nurse buddy and I the rationalness the patient had not been washed yet. I thought I could have washed my patient after I completed the charting as I k tonic the patient usually was washed around 1000 am by her husband. I felt really pretty and irresponsible because I did not wash my patient on time and prepare her for the appointment. My intuition told me there must be an essential task I had missed, but I just could not recall what it was since I did not write it down on the P.O.P. I thought my clinical instructor and the nurse must feel disappointed that I did not perform the task earlier as I remembered my clinical instructor stated clearly to check if any of our patients has special orders or tasks to be done at the beginning of the shift. I believe there are ethical and economic considerations to be puzzlen into account well-nigh this event. If my patient was still in the process of give outting ready while she received a call to go down to the plastic surgery unit, it would realise unnecessary lodge time for the plastic surgeon and other patients who would see the plastic surgeon later on. In order to compensate for the additional wait time, staffs at the plastic surgery unit may crusade to rush things and quality of treatment that patients receive may suffer. Staffs may have to work overtime due to the delay and economic burden would be a result. In addition, delay of administering Heparin stuff increase patients haz ard of blood clotting and serious consequences such as pulmonary emboli, myocardial infarction, and deep vein thrombosis may be resulted. This entrust be considered as maleficence to the patient (Potter Perry, 2009). Moreover, I believe I should be responsible to my patient by providing safe and quality care to my patient which includes washing my patient on time. This belief arises from my nursing teachers constant inciteers to us that it is very outstanding to follow CNOs expend standards during practice.The key issue of the event is time counsel skills for clinical practice. If effective time exercisement strategies were applied to my clinical practice, the chance of this event occurring would have been minimized and my performance of clinical practice leave alone be improved.According to Chater and Litchfields study done on new graduate nurses who work in a neonatal unit at an Australian hospital (2007), five themes knowing, cooking, support, fulfillment, adapting and being flexible locoweed be utilized to help scholarly person nurses and new graduate nurses to better manage their clinical time.Firstly, knowing is essential for nurses to manage time on the unit. The reason is if novice nurses do not know the condition of their patients, then they will not know what interventions they need to apply. More time will be spent looking up and learning some how to take care of the patients conditions. Therefore, set abouting nursing noesis and familiarity with the daily routine care of the unit dejection help nurses handle their time on unit more efficiently. Having knowledge about the patients condition will also help novices feel less(prenominal) anxious, gain a guts of control, and raise their level of confidence (Chater Litchfield, 2007).Secondly, plan involves thinking about all the tasks which need to be completed as well as how much time each task requires. neat planning female genital organ guide nurses through their day and ensure t hat important tasks will not be missed. Taking the time to think about required tasks also saves time because it allows the nurse to figure out what resources will be needed to complete a special task and get everything ready in advance, rather than beginning a task and suddenly realizing aroundthing is missing and having to pause to figure it out.Thirdly, new nurses should not hesitate to obtain support from their preceptors and partners. Researching the right knowledge for a patients problem is time go through but important, so nurses should not be afraid to ask for help since it is in the best interests of the patient. Also, talking to another new nurse peer will aid in continued development of time management skills. Moreover, when novice nurse are able to manage time and are able to complete all the routine care, they gain a horse sense of fulfillment and accomplishment (Chater Litchfield, 2007).Finally, adapting and being flexible is essential to mastering time manageme nt skills. There are al ship representation unexpected and unpredictable events that occur during clinical and being able to adapt and find alternative moods to deal with various situations will help nurses feel less show when managing their time on the unit (Chater Litchfield, 2007).Besides the five managing themes stated to a higher place, prioritizing is a necessary tool for effective time management. Nurses have to prioritize tasks on their route and finish tasks from high to low priority order. For example, when starting a shift, a nurse should decide which patient requires the around care. The nurse can do this by checking in with each patient briefly to say hello but at the same time to assess their needs. later an assessment is done, it can be explained to the patients who do not need ready care that they will be taken care of shortly while the nurse attends to those with urgent needs (Waterworth, 2003). In addition, nurses should be careful of some priority setting tr aps. The first trap is whatever hits first which agent a nurse responds to tasks that happen first instead of thinking twice and then responding. The second trap is the squeaky wheel, a patient who is able to gather the most attention from a nurse to hear his or her urgent request may not be the one who is the most in need. The last trap is waiting for inspiration, nurses should not be wait to be inspirited to complete a task and they should actively think about what tasks have to be done while on unit (Vaccaro, 2001).I learned effective time management strategies to handle my time on clinical and I will definitely utilize the time managing strategies flavor by step from knowing , planning , prioritizing tasks, gaining support from other nurses, and being flexible with my tasks.My thinking has changed after analyzing the key issue. It now makes more sense to me the reasons that our instructor requires us to finish all the paperwork on Tuesday night even when we feel tired after s pending the whole day on unit. In fact, completing the Diagnostic Complications Sheet and Medication sheet hold still for to the knowing phase by gaining knowledge about our patients so that we can provide specific care to our patients, feel less anxious, and better manage our time on unit. By filling the detailed P.O.P., this correspond to the planning theme which helps student nurses organize their day and ensure tasks to be performed will not be missed.In my point of view, I would preserve the bring through that the register nurse comes to check on me to see if I bathed my patient. With this action, she is being responsible to the patient and also she is offering me support to help me take care of the patient. On the other hand, I would definitely change the way I organize my P.O.P and I would follow my P.O.P. with flexibility and do not just focus on the original task I plan for my patient. For example, once I found out my patient has to be washed before 800 am, I will write it down at present so that I will not forget to complete the task.If a similar situation arises again in my practice, I would inform my student nurse buddy that I require her help to wash my patient before a certain time and ask him or her to remind me to finish the specific task in case I forget or become occupied by some other tasks.In term of recommendations, I think there is no better way than to come to the unit with preparation. For example, student nurses can build their well of nursing knowledge by reading the nursing interventions related to a patients specific condition from the Canadian Fundamentals of Nursing and the Medical-surgical Nursing in Canada. Also, pharmacology for Canadian Health Care Practice can help student nurses build up their knowledge in medication. The more a student nurse comes prepared for their clinical time, the less anxious he or she will be and can apply the five time managing strategies mentioned above to handle their time on unit more effecti vely.