The Causes and Solutions to Ethnic Conflicts

Scholars of International Security hurl been trying to develop a theoretical approach to explain the ca wasting diseases of pagan conflict for a long time. These studies have led to disputative statements only when have also probed so deeply that their findings help shed tender light on these issues, providing better understanding and executable solutions. heathen conventions argon defined as a community of people who sh ar cultural and linguistic char deederistics including religion, language, biography, tradition, myth, and origin.This paper will explore the realist explanations of heathenish conflicts and then meet how censorious theory explanations offer new insight and answers to puzzles that could not be previously be explained. It will then explore several of the possible solutions delectationd to end incidents of social violence. Fin ally, it will focus on the debate surrounding sectionalization as a possible solution to cultural conflict, concluding that it is in fact a viable option for calmness when implemented judiciously.According to realist explanations, cultural conflicts be deeply rooted in cognitive and situational inescapably. In his article, The Security Dilemma and Ethnic Conflict, realist scholar Barry Posen claims that lawlessness creates competition and hostility surrounded by ethnic, religious and cultural chemical groups. Ethnic fractions act to preserve their identity and physical tri scarcee through the accumulation of resources and soldiery agency. Interestingly, Posen notes that social cohesion is viewed as a larger threat than physical assets in military competition.Social cohesion, he claims, derives from historical accounts of identity twist which often are inaccurate and biased thus perpetuating cultural differences and execration of the other. 1 Accordingly, ethnic tensions are inevitable but can quickly puff out to warfare when one group coerces or dominates the other militarily or ideologically . Realists, much(prenominal) as Posen do not ignore the fact that ideas are essential elements of ethnic conflict, but rather use them support the needs of power and mutual deterrence.In his article, Symbolic Politics or intellectual Choice? , Stewart Kaufman attempts to deconstruct realist explanations of ethnic conflicts by introducing his own theory called exemplary government. According to this theory, episodes of extreme ethnic violence are caused by, Group myths that justify hostility, fears of group extinction and a symbolic politics of chauvinist mobilization. 2 Kaufman believes that these myths produce emotion-laden symbols that line mass hostility easy for chauvinist elites to provoke and make immoderate policies popular. 3 Both Posen and Kaufman use the situation in former Yugoslavia to validate their various(prenominal) theories. According to Posens realist explanation, the origin of the conflict was a primordial contentious relationship between the Croats and Serbs. Due to the past violence and aggression inflicted upon them by the Croats, the Serbs were justifiably fearful for their security.Their ability to mobilize and slight military value prompted mutual fear and competition from the Croats, which in turn resulted in the Serbs intromission what they perceived to be a preventative war. 4 Kaufmans symbolic politics theory suggests that the conflict was not one based on group interests or material factors, but rather, the struggle for relative group expense5 and that charismatic leaders such as Milosevic and Tudjman exploited pre-existing myths and symbols which appealed to the emotions of the public, in order promote their own, expansionist agendas. 6 Upon in depth analysis of twain scholars explanations, I found each to be very similar and plausible.In my opinion, Kaufmans symbolic politics theory does not undermine Posens realist explanation of the conflict, but rather supports and expands on it. Kaufmans explanation appears to be more of a critical analysis which combines elements of realist explanations (power), liberal explanations (elite manipulation of ethnic differences by leaders) and constructivist explanations (ethnic identities are constructed by historical myths. ) In the same article, Kaufman examines the ethnic conflicts of Sudan and Rwanda as case studies to further support his symbolic politics theory.The some dominant explanation for ethnic conflict in these areas had been the realist account, which claimed that European colonialism created passage of arms by reconstructing African identities and exploiting their resources forcing them the compete with each other for survival of the fittest. era I do believe that these realist explanations are legitimate factors, I do not think they are the only ones. After reading Stuart Kaufmans in depth explanations, I am now convinced that value systemsor lack in that respectof, lie at the root of ethnic conflict.In blue Sudan, Islamic value enco uraged hostile expansionism of Sharia law, which threatened the survival (identity) of the Southern Sudanese who were unwilling to submit to it. Similarly, the creation of hostile myths against the Tutsi nonage and large scale acceptance of the use of violence against them in Rwanda shows how easily populations lacking strong value systems can be manipulated by policy-making elites into justifying the most heinous acts of violence against other human beings. Just as there are many plausible theories that explain the causes of ethnic conflicts worldwide, there too are many possible solutions.Although he is a realist scholar, Barry Posen admits that peacekeeping mission can sometimes be achieved through diplomatic measures, mainly by encouraging groups involved in the conflict to reexamine their past history from a more objective standpoint. Other third party options admit the creation of international institutions aimed at rebuilding domestic institutions, international treaties such as the non-proliferation policy, the use of economic sanctions, and the use of peacekeeping forces. each(prenominal) of these solutions have had success in some areas and failures elsewhere.When international diplomatic peacekeeping efforts fail and the ethnic conflict persists, outside powers are sometimes compel to implement material methods of assistance including military support and weaponry. Because warfare is ever finisingly a last resort, the use of partitions has become a highly good but equally controversial method used to suppress ethnic violence. According to some realist scholars, the separation of ethnic identities serves a necessary employment it provides people with meaningful associations and security.Chaim Kaufmann, though a prominent proponent of the use of partitions in pervasive interethnic conflict, still acknowledges that they should be used as a last resort and that the risks of partition and population transfers are only worthy undertaking if they are saving the lives that would have been sacrificed if they had not occurred. 7 Critics of the use of partitions such as Radha Kumar argue that they do little to mitigate violence, but preferably escalate tensions and cause mass movements of forced migration. 8 In his article, When All Else Fails Ethnic Population Transfers and Partitions in the Twentieth Century, Chaim Kaufmann does a good job at deconstructing this myth.He claims that persistent violence creates refugee movements because people are afraid to tolerate where they are, or are at times forced to leave by opposing militant forces. Therefore, intermixed populations will inevitably become separated and the use of partitions only serves as an organizational vehicle which would enable them to resettle in a structured and protected manner. 9 Kumars arguments are further refuted by Kaufmanns use of empirical data which prove that incidents of violence truly diminished when partitions were constructed in Ireland, India a nd Cyprus and that marginal increases of violence in those regions were not a result of the partition, but rather the lack of complete separation between rival groups within those regions. Kaufmann concedes that the case with Israel and Palestine is a special fact due to the fact that Palestinian threats are so pervasive that Israels existence is dependent on the partition.In contrast, Kumars strongest argument is that partition has rarely been anything more than a temporary solution to conflict, but its mental effects are permanent. 10 After considering both sides of the argument, I believe the benefits of employ partitions far out way the costs. While the psychological barriers that partitions create are an unfortunate reality, the numbers of lives they save are more important.In gag law it is important to understand that each case of ethnic conflict study has individual characteristics which make it unique and thus the causes and solutions to each situation are unique as wel l. Despite their variance, there is still something that can be learned and applied by studying each case. The realist explanation asserts that power and security factors are the motivating cause for conflict, but new critical theory explanations help us to see that physical and psychological security alone are not enough to deter episodes of ethnic violence.While it has been proven that material factors such as military and nuclear might and partitions are utile deterrents, they should only be used as last result methods. International institutions, treaties and post conflict reconstruction initiatives are all instrumental in the peacekeeping effort. But in my opinion, the most effective method used for reducing incidences of ethnic violence is that of nation building.Ive arrived at this conclusion, not only through scholarly analysis but also through personal experience. As a fourth coevals Jewish American who grew up in the melting pot of unused York City, I have been fortuna te to witness the success of democratic values first hand. While I understand that constructing civic identities based on universal values of liberty and justice for all may come along like an overly idealistic notion, I need only to present at the success of my country and my city to know that it can be done.

Literature and writing

Nature, as seen and depicted by Walt Whitman in Leaves of bewray is long and sweeping in its grandeur, same a giant depiction screen, where he unloads scenes upon scenes of grand vistas in living color. If it were a theatrical performance, he would make lavish scenes of epic proportions majestic skies, billowing waves, golden field of grain extending to the horizon. They would be the exact opposite of the languid seascapes captured on canvass in Virginia Woolfs To the Lighthouse. Describing the sea, Whitman writesBehold, the sea itself,And on its limitless, heaving breast, the shipsSee, where their fresh sails, bellying in the wind, speckleThegreen and blue,See, dusky and undulating, the long pennants of corporation (33.30-37).To Whitman, nature perpetually calls attention unto itself, save man ordinarily ignores it or is not sensitive enough to perceive its charms. Thus, the poet continually exhorts the onlooker to see the beauty unfolding before his eyes. For him, a leaf of grass is no less than the journey work of the stars and that the running blackberry would adorn the parlors of promised land(31.1-8).As in theatre, the poet conjures images to create moods as would suit his purpose. Whitmans poems flood lamp with robustness and energy as he writes about the pioneers of a impudent nation leaving the sanctuary of their homes to tame the great frontiers. In the swear out he is overwhelmed by the magnificent beauty of the outdoors as sound as the great cities and industries built by mans labor.If his mediocre were a film screen, Whitman would come up with glorious takes of canyons and sunsets and deserts in Cinemascope, of buffalo herds grazing the plains, interspersed with the creaking wheels of industry. When Whitman hears America singing, the songs he hears are those of ready workmen as they go about their daily tasks.For him, America is one vast theatre with the American normal man as hero. For him, conduct consists of Victory, union, faith, identity, time,/ The non-water-soluble compacts, riches, mystery,/ eternal progress, the kosmos, and the modern-day reports. (Book II. 2.4) These are abstract terms, vague and incomprehensible, but the referee follows the thread of his thoughts when the poet writes about sturdy blacksmiths swinging their sledges, cheerful axemen, wielding all twenty-four hours their axes, and of how the ash writhes under the muscular arms of oarsmen on the lakes (33.39-43). For Walt, commonplace things in nature become the stuff of legend.Nature is likewise a common theme in a concert dance performance. Because no lines are spoken, the reference rely on the setting, the music, and the language of the bodies in motion. That there is no chat seems to enhance rather than detract from the performance, for the dancers themselves with their seemingly effortless leaps, twists and turns, their graceful silky motions tell the story no words are necessary.Sometime ago I had the opportunity to w atch a ballet performance at the Metropolitan Opera House. The experience was fascinating. It impressed on me the beauty of the clement luggage compartment in motion, so long immortalized in poem and marble, but more usually ignored.The stainless ballet Apollo, where the sun-god is offered the gifts of poetry, dance and music, began with the peg decked in black with haunting music in the background to create a somber mood. The ballerinas, clad in contrasting white, were seen distinctly on stage as they retold one of mythologys enduring tales.Jeu de Cartes was a modern ballet that featured poker hands, each being shuffled until the last poster became a royal flush. Modern and very lively, Jeu de Cartes was very entertaining.Petrouchka, a classic Russian ballet, made use of lavish costumes and contrivances and four changes of scene. Set in a Russian village, it made use of puppets and costumed characters.Watching a ballet performance makes one appreciate the tremendous work and r esources postulate to stage it. It also makes one realize how beautiful the human body is, how graceful its gestures, its subtle flowing and gliding motions, as it tries to mimic life or capture its essence, in the same way that an artist tries to conduct the colors of sunset into canvas, or a poet his ruminations about life into rhyme.The poet, like the ballet dancer, tells a story by the subtle use of words, of symbols, of everyday things that ring a bell in the readers mind, or strike a chord in his heart. The cast of a ballet and its creators also reach out to an audience by the use of apparent motion synchronized with music in the midst of an appropriate setting to narrow down mood. In both arts, appreciation and enjoyment are the just rewards. full treatment CITEDWhitman, Walt. Leaves of Grass.

 Star Goup Essay

InvestigationThe modern time is about change in variables lively in the environment that surrounds some(prenominal) organization. The corporate therefore has to design the uncertainty in a limited time span focussing on training and development of staff ( Delahaya,2011,p.2). The most critical part for success of the organizations rest on how competent and knowledgeable their staffs are. Likewise the enthronisation has to made on the human resource so that they are good and effective enough to bowl oer the play along goals.HRDNI is a serve well that identifies the flaws in the incident that is happening in any organization. The main motive of HRDNI is to insure out what is the defect that is preventing the organization to reach the target. Therefore HRDNI helps to identify the aberrance between what is currently happening and what should be occurring. Star Group, a company which has a number of staffs to reach the goal of the organization has a orbicular onboarding proces ses and the materials. It onboards new employees to the organization in order to make the entrants get well-known(prenominal) with the organizations culture. As HRDNI focuses on gap analysis to reach the exemplifications of the organization, the modern concept believes that HRDNI should be future oriented and positive instead than being reactive and negative.Star group therefore introduces Johnson & Associates to analyze the on boarding process to find out if the on boarding process is actually being effective to the new employees to get the overview of the organization. Like any growing company, Star group has faced many challenges in creating standard global processes and controls. Onboarding materials across the group reflect this, with the sites developing their own documents over a number of years. Consequently these artifacts vary greatly in style, branding, content, arrange and quality. Analysis of the process-related in institution and interviews with key stake holders h ighlighted a number of pain points usually ingestd with the existing onboarding process. The step of data gathering was further detailed through a qualitative approachi.e. developing a questionnaire and distributing it to the participants of the innovation class because the survey questionnaires sack up gather hard data that can be analyzed objectively from large groups of people, (Sofo,2012,p.110). Finally the some some other data gathering process that was actually implemented was through the formation of the pilot group. The pilot group thus was interviewed with a number of questions to take root if the onboarding process was actually effective to new freshmans. Some of the pain points were summarized in six common themes1. insufficiency of documented processes and proceduresEach stake holder report a worrying lack of documented processes and procedures, not plainly in onboarding but other Human resources and Shared Business run functions. Particular concern was raise d about visibility to geographically scatter processes.2. Quality and consistency of onboarding informationThe pilot group along with the stakeholders reported that onboarding materials had some flaws in it. Inconsistent content privation of Standardization extended induction presentationsTime and accuracy challenges in manually copying employee expatiate provided during the recruitment to other systems such as SAP and Active Directory Challenges in delivering the LOG ON information to non- PC or kiosks users.3. Lack of autobus accountabilityManagers believe that they do not include the responsibility for onboarding Managers do not receive training in successful onboarding practices, processes or strategies Onboarding normally viewed as an HR functionOnboarding commonly viewed as a series of administrative task rather than an opportunity to provide new newbies with a great first impression No evaluation of the success of the onboarding experience for the newemployees. The revi ew also suggested that the manager had to call the new starter to congratulate them which was rarely done by the managers.4. Delay in class of commencement dateThe commencement date for a new starter is not negotiated in the recruitment process which led to the delay of other downstream processes such as SAP and network set up.5. Lack of SAP training resourcesIT and systems training is not provided in any established way due to resource and time constraints. One SAP trainer divides time between locations which results in inadequate training among new starters and existing employees.6. Lack of WorkflowNo process exists to drive or stinger completion of onboarding tasks. Sites rely heavily on the use of checklists, follow-up emails and anticipate calls from the human resources. Specific pain points reported by the stakeholders included valuation reserve of sufficient lead-time for pre-commencement activities such as visa and work permit applications Lack of mechanisms to ensure m id-year new starters were fully engaged in different program sessions. No controls or process to trigger onboarding processes for contractors, particularly non-payroll and short-term consultants such as PTA Timing of prerequisite compliance checks such as medical examination clearances.

Referring to at Least Two Sources of Data, Critically Discuss How Crime Is Measured in Britain and Explain Why the Statistics Do Not Provide Us with a Full Picture of How Much Crime There Actually Is.

SCS1007 try on Referring to at least two sources of info, critically discuss how execration is mensurable in Britain and explain why the statistics do non bring home the bacon us with a full picture of how much abhorrence there rattling is. If one were to ask how much offense there is in Britain, the discernment could differ dep closedown on whom you were asking or their taste on what they very class as crook behaviour. Society is ambivalent towards abhorrence, which skews the analysis everyplace the take of malefactor operation in Britain.Maguire describes the atomic number 18a of offensive poetry or trends as one of shifting sands (Maguire 2002, p,322) in scathe of the developments and creations in criminological process and thought which happens day to day. He in any case postulates that finding the unbent level of execration bears very little conditional relation in the study of criminology, but what bears greater signifi batchce is the critical attempt b y which the info is analysed.Nevertheless, there ar ex officio pr beice of law-gene stepd crime statistics in Britain, made up of c everyplace up and record crimes, which still, to this day impact on how politicians and journalists view the governments effectiveness in dealing with crime. The semi formal Crime Statistics in England ar published annually and allow unlike sectors of federation such(prenominal)(prenominal) as the media, politicians and the general public to assess the completion and the trends in criminal activity.These published tables of national crime statistics named Criminal Statistics, England and Wales were setoff compiled in 1857 and were based on annual returns from the courts and the police which were then aggregate by government statisticians (Maguire 2002). Crimes recorded in police statistics are delimit by the Notifiable Offence List (ONS Data sources get on discipline). This follows technical advances in recent times, which vex grown th e net number of police-recorded crimes, such as common assaults. Many meek crimes have been upgraded and are like a shot ensureed as reported offences (Maguire 2002).However, there are signifi squirtt shortcomings with the police-generated crime statistics, such as the fact that sure crimes are not included in this list, referred to by the ONS as non-notifiable crimes. These crimes often include anti- companionable behaviour or minor crimes such as drunkenness, littering or begging. Whilst there is criminal activity occurring in Britain which does not come to police notice, and therefore is not recorded (discussed in detail later in this paper), there are crimes which the police are aware of, but usance a great deal of address as to whether or not these crimes are recorded (Maguire 2002).The public are responsible for notifying around eighty per cent of recorded crimes to the police (McCabe and Sutcliffe 1978), even so, the latter(prenominal) have the responsibility for dec iding which crimes to deal with and which to ignore. Often they passel regard some crimes as too trivial or they dispute the legitimacy of others, which can lead to unreliable data. Moore, Aiken and Chapman (2000) see the police as filters, more(prenominal)over recording some of the crimes reported to them. Furthermore, there are certain types of crime that are excluded totally from these statistics, knockoutly altering the extent to which the data can be classed as comprehensive.The terminus notifiable offence essentially refers to one, which can be tried by the Crown Court. This leaves summary offences (those which can except be tried in a Magistrates Court) excluded from the data (Maguire 2002). In addition to this, crimes which are not regarded as the responsibility of the Home Office, such as those recorded by the British Transport Police, Ministry of Defence Police, and UK nuclear Energy Authority Police (who between them record some 80,000 notifiable offences annually) (Kershaw et al . 2001, p91) are also excluded from semiofficial crime figures. A set ahead limitation with police recorded crime data is caused by the uncertain fluctuations with the remaining 20 per cent of crimes which the police themselves discover, either through observation, patrols or through confessions by those arrested. This could be due to increased arrests from planned operations targeted against a certain type of crime. For example, following the London riots in 2011, legion(predicate) deal were arrested due to the police focusing their resource and effort on finding the offenders. Similarly, at pop festivals many drug users have been plunge and arrested.On the other hand, numbers of recorded crimes may fall if police invade in a particular type of crime is withdrawn. This could be for a number of reasons such as in the late 1950s and archeozoic 1960s when the legalisation of homosexuality was imminent. At this time the police on a regular basis ignored indecency between males which resulted in a fall of recorded offences to half the level previously regarded as normal (Walker 1971). In criminology, the term the unsung figure of crime is often used to refer to the crimes that are not reported and therefore not recorded in official statistics.In theory, the dark figure consists of offences brought to the umpire establishment but not registered in judicial sources (perhaps because they were settled outside of the court), undiscovered offences or offences where the victim has elect not to reveal details (Johnson and Monkkonen 1996). This loophole seriously alters the accuracy of the criminal justice disciplinary remains. The inherent reasoning for certain crimes not being reported are based on peoples own judgement of the seriousness of the crime, police power, police diplomacy or simply because people see it as an inconvenience.It could be argued that if people dont gestate the reporting of their crime to be serious enough, then the just ice system is not as accessible and transparent as it should be. This argument widens the protrude of the dark figure of crime from a statistical one to an underlying and historical error creating much scope for debate. The police system is in place for the safety of citizens, but if citizens dont feel the use of the justice system is necessary in certain instances, then what is the pinnacle in the justice system being in place for certain crimes?Furthermore, this hinders the reliability of criminologists theories where a legalistic stance is taken in the definition of crime. A secondary time of crime in Britain, regarded by Maguire as a directly comparable rival to the police-generated crime statistics (Maguire 2002) is the British Crime examine (BCS), now named the Crime Survey for England and Wales (CSEW) to reflect its geographical coverage. This measure attempts to flake the inaccuracy of the dark figure of crime referred to above.The CSEW was offset printing conducted in 1892 and is an annual lot rather than a list of statistics. When the subject was first conducted, there were 11 million crimes reported however, official statistics recorded by the police except counted less than three million (Hough and Mayhew 1983) this gap is first hand certainty of the dark figure of crime. Forty six thousand households (ONS Data sources further information) were dubietyed in the twelvemonth ending June 2012, with the CSEW focusing more on soft data rather than the quantitative data used in official statistics.The CSEW picks up on crime that doesnt surface in official statistics, with households asked about their own personal experiences of crime in the past dozen months as well as taking into account any non-response bias. The measure has a consistent methodology and the results are not skewed by a percentage of the population failing to report their crime. The measure suggests the adjust level of crime to be twice the official crime rate due to the proportion of people who admit to being victims or offenders of crime in a face-to-face interview, but do not report this to the police.Although the CSEW does now include a section on domestic violence, an heavens previously missed off the national figures, (particularly when victims are scared of their offenders) the solid rate of crime is still substantially under-estimated. Corporate or oeuvre crime, homicide, drug possession or crimes against people under the age of 16 are still not included in the CSEW figures. In todays society, this is a major drawback to the CSEW as corporate crime is maturement in our increasingly globalised economy whilst crimes against children appear to be remaining unvarying with no breakthrough on prevention.In 2011, of the police recorded crime statistics on sexual abuse against children, it was found that 1 in 10 children (9. 4%) aged between eleven and seventeen years old had see sexual abuse (NSPCC 31/12/12). Some progress appears to have bee n made in the area of corporate crime following a recommendation contained in the depicted object Statisticians Review of Crime Statistics (National Statistician, 2011 18/12/12) there is now a survey of commercial victimisation which aims to provide statistics on corporate crime in the economy over the bordering three years and is planned to be incorporated into future every quarter releases in 2013.However, other drawbacks associated with the CSEW include the time lag on information collection the survey records data from peoples experience 12 months prior. This is in comparison to police recorded crime in which the data is clearly more immediate. Furthermore, the CSEW is vulnerable to sampling errors and variation in results. integrity person may feel comfortable enough to admit criminal activity to one interviewer, but not to another. Therefore the reliability of the data can be challenged.When comparing both the CSEW and police recorded crime in official statistics the most recent data from the Office of National Statistics can be analysed. The CSEW, based on interviews in the year ending June 2012, reveals a statistically significant decrease of 6 per cent in the overall level of CSEW crime compared with the previous years survey (ONS Overall level of crime 18/12/12). Similarly, the overall level of notifiable crime recorded by the police decreased by 6 per cent in the year ending June 2012, compared with the previous year (ONS Overall level of crime 18/12/12). Nevertheless, whilst the CSEW estimates just over 9. 1 million incidents of crime for the year ending June 2012, the official figures scarcely record 3. 9 million offences. This is heavily based on the dark figure of crime that proportion of crime in Britain which goes unnoticed by the police. In 2002, the CSEW (then named BCS) calculated that 40 per cent of crimes known to victims and reported to the police do not end up in official statistics (Kershaw et al 2001, p992). It is evident that , whilst the CSEW does reveal a higher level of criminal activity in Britain, a majority of the crimes can regarded as not serious enough to be included in official statistics, and therefore should not alarm the population. Although the legalistic position attempts to simplify the scale of debate surrounding what crime actually is, stating the most precise and least ambiguous definition of crime is that which defines it as behaviour which is prohibited by the criminal code Coleman (2000), this however creates a question on what is actually being regarded as guilty behaviour and prohibited by the criminal code.Analysing the methods used in Britain to measure crime establishes the fact that criminal statistics are a social construction, based not on a set of legal definitions and laws, which can be transferred between social groups and times, but on a proceeds of social processes. The process of attrition between an act, regarded as criminal, to the same act being punished contains a number of stages that blur the answer to the question How much crime is there in Britain? It appears that the term official crime figures is somewhat paradoxical in the fact that if society is basing its justified panorama on these official figures, then it must take into account some(prenominal) exclusions in order to get a more comprehensive military position on what the data is actually showing. Although the figures summarise the most serious crimes in Britain they do not show the total picture.In this day and age more emphasis needs to be placed on the responsibility of the criminal justice system and the link back to the definition of criminals in the first place. In particular, if crime is viewed from a labelling perspective, then the role that the legal system plays in the creation of crime is of great significance when measuring the true level of criminal activity in Britain.In addition, consideration needs to be given to future prevention of crime and the measurement o f how effective society is at removing or reducing certain categories of crime. In closing, I would argue that when answering the question how much crime is there in Britain? it would be naive to base any argument upon these official crime figures as they are simply indices of organisational processes Kitsuse and Cicourel (1963).

Temperature (Celsius and Fahrenheit)

is equal to . Similarly, is equal to .Therefore, conversion of Celsius to Fahrenheit conventionalism toilet be written as F = mC + aSince at the measure out is , therefore a = 32. and212 = m100+32 m = clxxx/100 = 9/5Therefore, locution to convert Celsius to Fahrenheit isF = (C x 9/5) + 32Rearranging F and C give formula to convert Fahrenheit to CelsiusC = (F 32) x 5/9 some(prenominal) equations are useful for conversion of Celsius to Fahrenheit and Fahrenheit to Celsius. If we know the value of temperature in degree Fahrenheit and want to point value in degree Celsius than equation C = (F 32) x 5/9 can be used. Similarly, if we know the value of temperature in degree Celsius and want to calculate value in degree Fahrenheit than equation C = (F 32) x 5/9 can be used F = (C x 9/5) + 32.The city picked for finding its interpret high temperature and record base temperature is London. The record high temperature ((June, July and August)) and record low temperature (December) is given below in degree Celsius.Record last Temperature 32Record Low Temperature -17Converting, record high temperature and record low temperature from degree Celsius to degree Fahrenheit.Record High Temperature F = (C x 9/5) + 32 = (32 x 9/5) + 32 = 89.6Record Low Temperature F = (C x 9/5) + 32 = (-17 x 9/5) + 32 = 1.4Referencehttp//www.fordhamprep.org/gcurran/sho/sho/lessons/lesson29.htm Accessed on November 22, 2007http//www.myforecast.com/bin/climate.m?city=60876& metrical=true Accessed on November 22, 2007

Childhood in Crisis Essay

Levels of depression and unsociable behavior in nestlingren throw increased dramatically in the newfangled societies. This situation has led more people to believe that childhood itself is in crisis. To what extent do you tally or disagree with this view?Childhood The most magical m of our lives the essence of our reminiscence and most importantly the foundation of what we are today. point when so much around us has modifyd, the concept of childhood, as a whole, is still perceived as a period of joy and buoyancy. The leg of childhood, from birth to the age of 16, is a shield, behind which children are nourished, taught and made truehearted and sensible before they inevitably grow up and face the fierce world. Ironically, this harsh world is due to people who were once a break away of the innocence and protection of childhood. This literary argument sort of nullifies all the adjectives I utilise for childhood, but this is the unfortunate truth of the contemporary wor ld. The shield of childhood has belittled and bad influences are seeping through it and infecting the most cleared of minds, the minds of children. Somehow, somewhere, in our race towards achievement of technological advancement, we have lost our creed and the bonds of compensate the dearest relations are beginning to emaciate. All this leads to a fear demise of childhoods happiness and prosperity.Family is the building block of baseball club as well as a symbol of peace and collaboration. Father, mother, siblings and kins are always there to help, nourish and care for the child. The underlying base of the childhood crisis can be traced to the fall of this family unit. In the modern society rise rates of divorce have made single parenting an acceptable lifestyle. only if for the child lack of role models, of both genders, become emotionally pestiferous and this continually aggravates the problems of the child. Adding to this, the frugal crunch requires both parents to work t irelessly for foresighted hours to make ends meet. This results in absence of parental guidance when the child requires it most. The economic crisis also transfers a lot of stress to the parents who in turn pick prohibited it out on the child in form of verbal and visible abuse. The presence of these threats at such a close and personal aim leaves a deep mark in the personality of the child, causing antisocial behavior.This shows that childhood is in crisis. In the good old times children learnt incessantlyything from the society, because the parents and relatives could create a strong barrier between a child and bad influences. Children were urged to disregard any bad habit they may observe. moreover todays generation grew up with technology. Sadly, trillions of dollars are being spent, on this technology, to transmit movies and images portraying criminals, violence, drugs and other immoral actions. Now consider an innocent susceptible child being continuously exposed to th ese types of influential enjoyment alternatives and imagine the end result. It is exactly what we see today. Children are acting out in a destructive manner and even at their unfledged age, they are practicing the amoral actions that they observe in the media. Nearly half of those questioned disagreed that children who get into discomfit are often misunderstood and in need of professional help. (Salmon 2008).If you ever needed a strong evidence of childhood plummeting into a crisis, it is the statement above. Affection is a part of human nature and it should be nurtured, oddly in children. It non only provides support but also motivates kindness. make up between children of opposite genders, affection and communication has always been a initiation of confidence. But as we progress through the 21st century change is taking its toll. The age of puberty is decreasing due to increase in nutritious diet. The children go through the ups and downs of puberty though they are not ment ally mature enough. The outcome is that children succumb to their desires in detrimental manners, equal having deep personal relationships. This proves perilous because when they grow apart they are gather with severe depression, which may even be to the point of suicide. This proves that in the modern society childhood is in crisis. atomic number 53 may present that childhood is still a defend haven and the parents, who have the capability to contend without limits, will go to the ends to preserve the innocence of their child. One could even argue that the teachers, if diligent and willing, could provide an alternative for every bad influence a child displays hence fending off antisocial actions in the long run. One could argue these and he/she would be correct. But I am a realist and I am of the opinion that in the modern world the scarceness of humanity has escalated to such an extent that even children are not protected as the delicate blessings they are. Therefore, observ ing all these logical arguments, I do believe that in our modern society childhood is truly in a crisis. (794 words)REFERENCE LIST* Stollenwerk, Steve. Childhood is in Crisis Socially & Politically. In Steve Stollenwork. Retrieved June 3, 2012, from http//www.steve-stollenwerk.com/children-issues/childhood-in-crisis-contents.htm. * Nation Master. Divorce rate by country, divorcereform.org2004. Retrieved June 3, 2012, from http//www.NationMaster.com/graph/peo_div_rat-people-divorce-rate. * Woods, Tyler. (July 16, 2010). Unhealthy Family Problems toll Young Children. In Exam Health. Retrieved June 3, 2012, from http//www.emaxhealth.com/1357/unhealthy-family-problems-damage-young-children * Zwozdiak-Mayers, P.Z-M. (2007). Childhood and Youth Studies. Learning Matters Ltd.

Home Away From Home

Each small step it took to move into my refreshed home plate meant bigger and brighter responsibilities. From the drive refine to IPFW to when I laid my head down to sleep was a positive trice that changed my life. This transition was the beginning of a impudently chapter in my life that I was proud to accomplish. Getting to this correspond in my life I have yet to step understructure in what was in store for my future. The morning of August 19th clean now a yawn away, anxiety ran through my body like a strike of lightening.I was feeling so many emotions I was non sure how to express how excited I was to be moving into an only when new environment. As I prepared for the big move I also entangle a sense of sadness in the air, here I was my mothers only girl leaving aside for college. While reviewing my old inhabit checking just to entrance if everything was beat I found myself sitting on the corner of the sheet less butt reminiscing on the good and bad memorize I hel d behind the walls of this house. I found it ironic that even though this place was so delicate to forget it was easy to let go.As the road trip begun I constructd that this was it, and on that point was no turning back. Everyone was saying their goodbyes even though they recognize that it was non forever. The van was packed to its maximum, and the ride was roughly two hours away. I had to cease the present moment and go to sleep or at least attempt to get some rest. I sat and watched cars cronk by and I felt the stretch of distance from home I was becoming, I wondered if any of the cars I saw were headed to the same place as I was. I can honestly say that this day did not go according to plan.thither was an issue that occurred of whether or not I was staying in my assigned room or moving into another, so sectionalization of the day was a little stressful. At the same clock time I could not let it get to me and effect what I had to get sodding(a) for the remainder of the day. In the mist of all that commotion I realize that life is full of obstacles waiting to hit you as soon as you turn the page of a chapter in your life. It is up to you if you allow something to retard your goals and success.Entering the home of IPFW I was waiting to feel welcomed, like I was home once more, but deep down I knew that it was not time to feel at home when I did not have the keys to my room. only kinds of thought processs began to run through my head because in a matter of hours I would be on my own to contend care of myself. During the attached parallel hours I started to feel independent because I had keys to my dorm. As I walked up to the door my mom had a video camera watching me site in my key for the first time. It tickled me a little to know that this moment was just as big to her as it was to me.We began to bring in my belongings, boxes already labeled to where they belonged. I was so thankful to have some of my family there to help me unpack and it ga ve us much time to spend with each other before they left on their journey back to southwestward Bend. The more it became closer for me to be alone the more I thought about how I never had this much responsibility handed to me at one time. At this time I began to feel overwhelmed, but I did not panic and become all worked up about the situation.There was no room for mistakes, even though I truly knew that I was going to make a lot of them. Getting to know a place was another task that would add on my experience. Later on we took a small trip to do some more go away minute shopping for food. As the times go by, I realize that in a matter of time there will be no more running to my parents for help because there was only me. I knew that from here on out that I had to build myself confidence and take on my own responsibilities. At this moment I am equable absorbing the fact that I am going to be on my own.As the seconds go by I am becoming more comfortable with the fact that I have me, myself, and I to depend on for the rest of my life starting when my family walk out the doors of my dorm room. When I was here alone finishing up the last touches of my room and new home, I waited for my roommate to arrive. I was very glad that I knew her old to coming down to Fort Wayne. As soon as we twain ended our goodbyes with our families we just took a second to soak in our new life. I realize that soon the weekend would come to an end and tell apart would begin, all fun and games will have to be set aside. in the lead I could do that, for one small moment I had to just prance around and jump on my bed. I did not authentically have a valid reason to why, but I felt the urge to express myself in a goofy manner. Once again I found myself sitting on the corner of the bed thought process about the future this time, and what it took for me to get there. This moment that lasted throughout the course of the day was a step that I was ready to take, but yet not sure where it would take me. Starting from that day my life would never be the same. Each day was all about survival on my own.I knew in order from me to make it through college I had to become socially active with my peers and life around campus. I take this moment and depend at the negative and turn it into a positive because without negativity I do not think that we would able to appreciate the values of positivity. From that achievement on I have to rely on myself to fix my next meal, wake myself and be prepared for my next class. There is no room for dwelling on the past and wishing for what i do not have because it is not going to help me when it is not present.This moment set me up for a new beginning of my life and career. Decisions waiting to be made of the unknown. From this point I was an independent adult and no chronic living under rules that I had to ask permission. The way I see it is I am free When the day was finally complete I rested my head on the pillow and prepare for the following day. This moment help me become the person that I am today, someone that is goaded to improve my abilities to better my skills and accomplish way more then what my eye can envision.

Kapshi Model Village Essay

About this document It is slightly a remote hamlet named Kapshi in Maharashtra. A group of us from IIT Bombay visited the settlement to learn to the highest degree the progress that was achieved t demonstrate. This document is hosted on my website http//www.it.iitb.ac.in/gummaI can be reached at gummait.iitb.ac.inBackdrop Until about three social classs back, the village was experiencing severe drouth conditions with no pissing availability during the dry extents. It was inspirational to witness the stylus villagers trans hammered their conditions with self-belief and a camaraderie that is worth emulating.1 Efforts towards urine preservationKapshi experiences about 250-300 mm of rainfall e truly year, which occur in bursts of 6 to ten spells of rains from June to September. The peeing table of the region had dropped so natural depression that the village reeled under severe drought conditions for three years an had to depend on the tanker water supply for their survival .Egged on by the volunteers of Art of lively pes, the villagers made collective efforts to raise the groundwater level and store the surface water for lean periods. Bandharas or small check dams of about three feet higher(prenominal) were constructed on a long undulating terrain stretching about 20 km, which was place as the route of water run-off during monsoon by the Civil Engineers of the political relation. Shrubs and channelises along its highway were cle ard. About 20 such(prenominal) dams turn in been make entirely by hebdomadary Shram-daan by the villagers. thither are two types of Bandharas -Kaccha-bandhara- made up of layers of stones bounded by steel wire meshes to prevent their dislocation when confront with running water. Their primary purpose is to prevent hasty run-off of water thereby allowing it plenteous time for it to seep into the soil beneath. These measures have been dishful in elevation the water table over a period of 2 years.2)Pakka-bandhara- constructed out of concrete and cement, they are about 3 feet high on the water facing side and 5 feet on the leeward side. The trenches amidst two such 5 feet walls are cement lined at the bottom to prevent seepage of water to the hugger-mugger. The primary aim here is to store the rainwater for gradual subsequent theatrical role for farm purposes. It was built by government grant. However, by efficient measures employed by the villagers the course was done by spending hardly 2 out of 3 lacs sanctioned initially. The balance specie is to be apply for constructing two pair dams adjacent to the main one to collect the subsequent overflows of water.1 well and methods to augment underground storageThe villagers have carefully dug well of about 35 feet depth that capture water during the rainy placate as well as underground seepage. Each well is fit out with a small pump calld to water the adjoining fields. many wells are also drilld to supply drinking water round the year. The water in these wells is first treated with cat valium Permanganate (lal goli) etc. before being customd. Incidentally, this was the first year when Kapshi had to not pull in ones horns recourse to Municipal tanker supply of water.Apart from the wells a unique way of storing water was the Underground Bandhara. Using the knowledge of the terrain, and with the help of engineers from the Agricultural Department, a region of about 1 sq. km sphere of influence under the surface was carved out for storing water that seeped underneath during the rainy season. To prevent run-off to lower lying areas and still deeper areas an L-shaped polythene sheet was forge along the storage area. The bundle upd water could find its way to the near wells thereby providing replenishment to the wells from time to time. Apart from the Government grants near money was also provided by the Art of Living establishation for these construction activities.(?)Continuous Contour Trenches (CCT)An example of first level water management, a wasteland of about ? acres was kept aside for phase irrigation. Concentric trenches were dug with intermittent planar land being accomplished with animal fodder. During the rainy season water flows into these contours and gets successively self-contained into the coaxial trenches over a gradually sloping surpassography. It helps in gradually raising the water table of the area as well as preventing top soil erosion by hasty run-off of water. The planar surface amongst the two trenches is utilised ti grow fodder for the animals.This elaborate pass water was brought about under the Food-for-work programme run by the Government during the unbowed droughts the village faced. Each villager who contri aloneed shram-daan of 8 hrs. a day per year (6 months + 6 months over two years of dry spells) was disposed 25 kg of grains per ?.Waste DisposalOne of the interesting features of Kapshi was that each house there was equipped with a toilet with an adjoining soak pit. The excreta from the toilets is collected into an underground and fully covered soak pit gradually over a period of 15 years. The soak pit has two chambers, which could be alternatively made use at the time of collection which is supposititious to take 15 days. The collected excreta is anaerobically digested by smallorganisms over a long period to convert it into a fine powdered spread that sells in adjoining markets of Pune at Rs 200 per kg.This arrangement provokes questions as to whether a similar arrangement could be worked out even in cities, given that Waste Disposal is a much more serious electrical outlet here, for eg., the waste generation far exceeds the average centralized treatment knack available in Mumbai and so most of the waste is dumped straight into the sea. This is just postponing the problem, as the waste is rich in organics and nitrates that cause severe water pollution. As Prof. Shankar puts it, a similar effort of treating waste at b lood line in cities requires a change in mind-set that considers using high-spirited water to just push the waste into the sea as the dress hat option.Organic Manure and BiogasCow muck collected from a hardly a(prenominal) houses is put into a cylindrical steel tank put underground and mixed with water to make slurry. This slurry is kept under air-tight conditions. The anaerobic digestion routine, called biomethanation, generates gobar gas over a period of ? days that is collected and used as can by the households. Typically, ooze from 4 cows is decent to support 1 families fuel films for ? days. Further, the left over spin-off of the above process is dried and put in farms as manure.This class period raises pertinent questions Is the left over cow dung by proceeds soften manure than the raw cow dung itself? Can vegetable and early(a) straw waste be used as feed to these biogas plants or kick ined to byproduct before putting into the field?Consultations with some of t he professors in the chemic Engg Dept seem to point at some answers Use of cow dung as feed for biogas plants seems to a necessary evil with the ripening cheaper fuel demands of the villages. Actually, its usage in this form is wasteful as then expensive cellulose degrading bacteria, which fix Nitrogen required for plant ontogeny, get killed. Further, the process generates NH3 and H2S in dis sourd form which stay as unfixed and accumulate in the soil. Instead, employing cow dung directly to the farms (in solid form or pumping with water) is considered the best as it preserves the ruminant ecology (chains of interdependent microorganisms), so crucial for making nutrients of the soil available to the plants. This is why cow dung is referred to as just not a fertiliser but as a bio-culture.Mixing of vegetable and corn waste to the biogas by product and using it as a fertilizer is not a technical idea because the left over is already rich in organics and addendum of straw waste w ould only add more organics. Instead, powdered basaltic rock (found in plenty in that region) could be added to it, which would provide minerals to be used by the soil.A still better approach seems to use cow dung as such in the soil and add the powdered basaltic rock to it. Minerals that are otherwise in shortage in organic state methods are provided by the powdered rock. The productiveness in this manner seems to increase as per experience of farming in north Bihar and other river basins. Furthermore, straw and other vegetable waste could be used for biogas generation. However, this may require employing use of lignin (difficult to break) degrading enzymes, whose feasibility requires notwithstanding investigation.1 Burning of fodder grass and weedsA coif widely used across North India, was also seen here. Operational gimmick and high costs of deweeding and degrassing seems to be one of the bullocky motivations behind this practice. It can, however, be argued that this is a w asteful process as the energy present in the weeds is simply wasted in the form of CO2 and released into the atmosphere. Instead, if these straws and grasses could be used in a biogas plant to generate biogas, it would serve double benefits of fuel energy as well as obviating the use of cow dung for biogas purposes. Again, the feasibility of this process needs further investigation.There is also the other side to the practice of burning grasses. They generate, among other things, carcinogens want dioxins into the atmosphere.1 Burning of polythenePlastics are accumulated over a period of time and burnt. This is dangerous as burning causes generation of unhealthful byproducts which are believed to be carcinogens and are much more difficult to biodegrade than the advert compounds. With the given limitations in technology it would be better to recycle them. For this a regularized dumping and collection system needs to be put in place along with the Municipality. Given the limitation s of this option, it would be best to cut their use at source.2 Organic FarmingBeing witness to the life-size sized onions that villagers in kapshi grow and having eaten the delicious food there, it can be said that organic agriculture has been one of their success stories. Use of vivid fertilizers and insecticides primarily using cow dung and urine has made them successfully swith over to chemical free agriculture. The villagers, seem to be fully persuade that use of synthetic fertilizers and DDT etc. was a source of long-winded poisoning. Thier eagerness to get rid of this enabled them to willingly accept marginally low farm yields in the first year of switch over to new-sprung(prenominal) farming. Not only is the organic product bigger, it lasts longer and does not need elaborate storage facilities.Organic Farming, is in some way, like overtaking back to the old ways of farming practiced since times immemorial up until 40 to 50 years back. People still remember their gran dmothers speaking about the quality. Taste, etc. of the vegetables and the grains used during their times. If this was so, then why was it that use of chemical fertilizers was resorted to in the first place. As Prof. Venkatesh puts it, Organic Farming is prone to contamination and spoilage by unknown pests or new strains of microorganisms which is why raft tend to grow organic foods in protected environments or use insecticides to keep off all organisms.The demands of a rapidly growing population needed food grain proceeds at a much faster pace than what was being achieved in the sixties. Led by the Western experience in this regard, the use of hybrid seeds with extensive fertilizer and pesticide use could achieve a marked rise in production, initially. agribusiness became water intensive that had its effect over the years in the form of receding water table. Further, synthetic fertilizers provide H+ions to the soil to solubilize the minerals present that could then be harvested b y the plants.However, their use over a period destroyed the natural ecology that pull rounded in the soil. In this manner utile microorganisms present in the grow of the plant were destroyed preventing natural newton fixation and denitrification. With repeated use, it resulted in an ever-increasing dosage of the fertilizers. The increased usage in the long run resulted in the high acidity levels that are witnessed today in the soil, variation the latter infertile.Having said this, resorting to farming is a risky proposition initially, but if persisted it seems to be a sure way of moving towards increased productivity over a longer period. In the present case, villagers learnt the techniques of organic farming from Mr. (Ramesh ?) Palekar of Amaravati in Andhra Pradesh. This included the right kind of dosage and timing of the manures to be dished to the land. Interestingly, snakes and farm cats are used as natural pesticides that eat external the rats that attack the standing crops and grains. It was heartening to see that the villagers seem satisfied with some(prenominal) the quality and quantity of their produce after the first year when the production was lower than what was obtained using inorganic fertilizer use.3 Innovative coconut tree schemeWith financial aid from the Panchayat, each household planted a coconut tree by itself investing about Rs. 5-10 for the sapling. The balance money is to be gradually paid as imposees to the Panchayats beginning with the second year of plantation, with those owning a pukka house shelling out more tax than those with kuccha house (Progressive Taxation). As the tree grows, it was estimated to that the products of the coconut tree would fetch about Rs. 1000-2000 p.a. to each family. The choice of the coconut tree is interesting. Each part of the tree lends itself of use-stem, fruit, bark, etc, for various purposes. Moreover, coconut tree is relatively fast growing its roots are small enough not to damage the f oundations of the house. The water requirements for its growth can be met by channeling the water used for domestic serve purposes.4 Desire for alternate energy sourcesThe villagers were very keen on finding substitutes for their power needs. They do get about 6-10 hrs of electricity nonchalant but find the bills pretty hefty. Most of them were keen to know if they could sooner use Solar Energy for street and other lighting purposes. With the discussions that followed thenceforth with Prof Date and others, the use of Photo-voltaic cells assource of power seems to very costly and cannot be used.5 Art of Living and its role blush initiative Dr. Paul, based in Phalton but makes weekly trips to the village to administer medical treatment to the villagers. Realised that the villagers needed to be brought together to solve their own problems. Himself. a beneficiary of the Art of Living courses, he win over the foundation to start short Navchetana shivirs for people in the villages te aching some elementary pranayamas and doing satsang (devotional chanting in congregation). 6 villagers attended the first such camp and thereafter the chain began to grow. In his own words, Dr. Paul found that the villagers were very keen to take up responsibility and were mature enough to make sacrifices for the larger cause. Gradually, some villagers gave up intoxicating liquor and tobacco plant etc. and other malpractices. As one of the village eleders put it, the one-hr weekly congregational satsang was their way to realise themselves and forget petty issues.Moreover, the concept of expanding your responsibilities imparted in these camps seems to have worked wonders in bridging the cast divide. However, in all fairness it must be mentioned that because of the progressive movements by Jyotiba Phule, MG Ranade etc. in part of West Maharashtra over the past 100-150 years the general populace here is very mature and the caste rigidities are not as strong as in some other parts of the country. Distinctions do exist but they are only at the level of occupation. This aspect seemed to have helped Dr. Paul. The sarpanch of this village seems to be a man among the masses. He leads from the front and does shram-daan himself along with others in all the activities taken by villages. No wonder he was awarded the Best Sarpanch of Maharashtra award last year.This tale from the village holds important pointers to people living in cities as well. Most problems could be dealt with at the micro level if conscious efforts are made towards them. Things like pranayama, faith, satsang spur area and send messages to place ones action in a perspective. Such measures are long lasting, as they strike deep into the valet psyche. With increased violence, insecurity and intolerance that is witnessed in the society today such measures suggest a way out. No wonder, increasingly people are resorting to them in the cities and in the West as well.

Raynair Business Model Essay

This year, picnic Scoop is publishing an updated newspaper on Ryanairs Business Model, with a new task in mind. Starting from what was built last year, the 2011 Ryanair report has been conceived with a double objective in mind to provide readers with a brief, compelling, synthesis of Ryanairs business model and highlight new elements and evolutions in Ryanairs skies. In no way is that report intended as a replacement of the one published last year, rather as a complement that should provide anyone interested in the European mortified-cost industry with a wealth of information on the markets most important company.Conceptually, the 2011 report was elaborated along two unlike axis of outline. In a root part, the report starts by taking a look at Ryanairs r sluiceues and expenses. According to the company itself, if Ryanair has big(a) so fast, it is thanks to an efficient mix of eer increasing sources of income and ever wider cost-cutting measures in all services. For this reaso n, the 2011 report looks, item by item, at Ryanairs cost-cutting, profit-maximising strategies.From the most discussed to the lesser kn take in tactics, the goal is to show how Ryanair has managed and so far manages to constantly extract increasing income from its passengers while maintaining rock-bottom prices, with a relatively abstruse descend system and a slew of supportive services. The report overly investigates Ryanairs largely misunderstood relationship with its own assets and how the airline managed to practically neutralise costs usually associated with aircraft and human resources, blush turning airports into direct sources of revenues.The second part of the report is dedicated to a more analytical approach of the airlines structure, providing the reader with an analysis of what Air Scoop judges to be the three main strengths of the airline. Namely, Ryanairs heavy strategy, whose dominant feature is an extremely proactive stance towards anything even remotely mena cing to the airline, deterring irate customers from engaging legal action and dousing European regulators with complaints.Second, and perhaps most important, is Ryanairs financial structure itself, by meaning of which the airline has optimised every part of its business, taking good of varying legal and fiscal frameworks all around Europe. Third is the most visible, but also possibly the least understood, part of Ryanairs package for success, its communication. The airline, mainly through its hyper-charismatic CEO, Michael OLeary, has managed to be present in every form of media egress almost daily. Whether it be in good or bad terms, Ryanair is beingness talked about, and gets into customers minds and on every newstand in Europe.The traditional determine system means that fundamentally, each flight must be paid for by just one suffice, but a single fare may break for more than one flight. Multiple fares may be combined to yield for all the flights in a journey. The airlin e industry uses the term fare component (FC) to refer to a fare and the flights it pays for (covers)1. Fare components can be combined in six different geometric figures (ranging from direct move to elaborate circle trip), any combination of one to four fare components qualifies as a Priceable Unit (PU).A ticket can be built from any number of priceable units to form a coherent saleable trip. Some more restrictions may apply such as rules indicating that at that place must be a Saturday night between leaving of first flight in first fare component of priceable unit and departure of first flight and last fare component2. This results in an implausibly complex faring system in the traditional airline industry and low transparency for customers. Many low-cost carriers use a different pricing system.Because companies such as Ryanair rely on a point-to-point rather than a hub-and-spoke system, they cannot offer similarly connected flights. Ryanair has decided to turn this into an ad vantage and offer simply-priced point A to point B tickets, avoiding the hassle of elaborating complex ticket structures and allowing the company to deny any responsibility in a missed connection while having the opportunity to intensively utilise aircraft and crews.

Looking for loans

The problem with borrowing gold from a spicy uncle for starting a business is that 1) the funds can be stop at any time 2) your uncle ordinarily can not tin the practical advice necessary for growing the business and 3) your relationship with your uncle might be ruined if the business goes under.Two alternate methods of looking for bestows be as follows SBA loans and venture capital letterists SBA administers three separate, but equally important loan programs. SBA sets the guidelines for the loans trance SBAs partners (Lenders, Community Development Organizations, and Microlending Institutions) make the loans to small businesses. SBA backs those loans with a warranty that will eliminate some of the risk to the lending partners. (www.sba.gov) The advantages of a SBA loan is that often it is usually easier to get a SBA loan as contend to a traditional bank loan and the SBA itself is an invaluable resource of reading and classes about starting a small business.Venture capital is money made available for investment in innovative enterprises or research, curiously in high technology, in which both the risk of loss and the capableness for profit whitethorn be considerable. Venture capitalist finance startups in exchange for a share of stock once the company goes public. Normally, finance is done in rounds. For example, a company is given 12 billion dollars and, once that money is wear down, it applies for another round of financing.Venture capital is generally limited to high tech companies and is hard to obtain. Only one in a thousand prospects presented before a venture capitalist real gets funded. Also, it takes time and money to make presentations to venture capitalists. Most venture capitalists are located in large metropolitan areas, such as atomic number 14 Valley hence, if you have a business located outside a large metropolitan area, you should factor in the travel time confused in contacting venture capitalists into your decision to use v enture capital as a source of funding. Also depending solely on venture capital for funding is risky because financing rounds are not guaranteed. Your company may have to suddenly close down if you find that you have exhausted your round of financing without turning a profit.SBA Financing Basics (n.d.). Retrieved from http//www.sba.gov/financing/basics/basics.htmlReferences

Gender Discrimination Against Women in the Workplace Essay

Traditionally, wo custody defecate been considered to be the weaker sex and subordinate to workforce. Moreover, their roles have been appoint to domestic and childrearing duties. The commerce market is male dominated, and women be often considered to be out of place therein. Women face considerable sexual discrimination in the world of work, significantly limiting their employment prospects and subsequent matu targetment in their c beers.Women generally find it more difficult than men to acquire a full epoch meditate. What is more, when they can successfully find work, they often struggle to extend their reaches and advance to higher positions. The jobs women argon granted ar very often those with crushed status and correspondingly dishonor income. As Harolambos (Sociology Themes and Perspectives) says,Women face a flesh of disadvantages in paid work. Firstly, they tend to be lower paid than men. Secondly, they are more-likely to be in part-time work. Thirdly, they tend to concentrated in the lower reaches of the occupations in which they work. Fourthly, women tend to do particular types of jobs, usually those with low status. In aquiring a job, it must be remembered that more often than not, the employer is male. Men are the ones in the job market with power and authority, and thus make the mass of the decisions including who gets hired. As Peter Worsley (The New Introducing Sociology) puts it,Within the gendered workplace, it is invariably men who are overwhelmingly in positions of power and authority. It is men who, by-and-large, make decisions.When prospective cleaning womanly employees are beingness considered for employment, several biases tend to come into play in the minds of the employers. Firstly, male applicants for the job are often given more alternative because it is assumed that they have a wife and family to wear. In the view of many a(prenominal) employers, the role of women as breadwinners is a subordinate one to that of the ir husband (if she is married). Added to this fact, women campaign more complex social lives than that of men. They often must balance their roles as financial providers and child caregivers.Employers often ask personal questions to effeminate applicants. They put to obtain background information. This may include her marital status, whether she has any children and their ages, or if she is a unity mother. Then they interpret these pieces of information in several, discriminative lights. For example, if she is married, they assume that her husband is the primary breadwinner and her role will be subordinate.This puts the female applicant at a disadvantage when compared to a male applicant with a wife and family to support. Or they may assume that a ace parent mother with a young child may strike too much personal time to fulfil her parental roles at the loss to the employer (manifesting as a loss in man-hours). Women both single and married may even be asked if they intend t o have children at a job interview, perhaps informally. And if they say yes, thoughts of maternity leave, subsidized child care and their costs immediately spring in the minds of the employer.A woman who leaves her job on maternity leave often runs the risk of not having a job to return to.Britain for example, has the lowest rate of maternity leave in the European Union. Sixty percent of women in the United States have no adequate access to much(prenominal) leave. (David Bender and Bruno Leone, 1989)In Trinidad and Tobago, women had virtually no protection from such discrimination until 2001, when the Maternity Leave Act was passed guaranteeing that their job would still be available on their return.Many mothers are at pains to find fulltime work. Their parental demands make it difficult to pursue a fulltime life story. Employers often make no provisions for them, as well as women returning from maternity leave, in the way of workplace creche and babys room services. Their part- time status means that they earn significantly less(prenominal). Ironically, they earn less just at the time when they need more funds to support adequate childcare.The jobs women are usually able to get tend to be of low status, and low stick outing.Society has made it such that even if a woman wanted to go against the norms and get a job in the work force she would not get very far. About 75 percent of the jobs in the well paying professions are held by men and even if women are able to get equal jobs as men they still get paid considerably less. (David Bender and Bruno Leone, 1989)In the passe-partout world, women seem to be trapped in the clerical field, with very a few(prenominal) ever reaching managerial positions, even and despite of their having adequate qualifications. In 1950, women composed 30 percent of the workforce. Over 50 years later, this rate has increased to 47 percent. Yet, today, women who work full-time, year-round earn 76 cents for any dollar men earn. Th is is in part due to the limited locomote options of women compared to that of men, in addition to the usual disparity in pay.Many jobs are so designed, that their qualifications are deterrents to female applicants and favour males. For example, to be a firefighter, you have to pass a strength test and even if a woman passes, she may still be denied access if she is not of the required prime and weight. Thus, such jobs tend to be male oriented. Increasingly however, women are being granted them as old attitudes and norms change. But this has lead to yet another(prenominal) ill workplace violence against women is on the increase in such careers.It seems that in traditionally male dominated fields, such as the build up forces and the utilities, women earn less only to suffer more. In 2001, 14,170 lost-time injuries or illnesses resulting from assaults and trigger-happy acts on women in the American workplace were reported, whereas men suffered from 9,464. Although women compose 47 percent of the workforce, they suffer 60 percent of these attacks. About 36,500 rapes occur in the workplace annually, approximately 80 percent of which occur against women. In 2001, female fatalities in the American workplace as a result of assaults and trigger-happy acts numbered 30.8 percent. Men however, had only a 13.9 percent workplace fatality rate due to assaults and violent acts. Without doubt, women are the ones who suffer more from workplace violence.Unquestionably, women recognize discrimination in the world of work. Although the prospects for improving the current state of personal matters may seem bleak, there is hope. As increasing numbers of workingwomen and their supporters dorm for change, those in authority have started listening. The gender disparity in pay is decreasing and women now have a greater range of career opportunities. Progress has been slow. But considering it requires the changing of norms established from the dawn of society, the advancement has been significant. mend gender discrimination may exist for quite some time to come, it can be expected to decrease as time goes on.

Sartre’s Existentialism

Existentialism is oft misunderstood for its deceptive complexity. In reality, existentialist philosopher pro piles ar so angiotensin-converting enzymer simple to understand. They were exemplified in Sartres No Exit, in which the author presented his visual sense of kind-hearted identity. This paper is centered on evaluating and re-considering existentialist philosophy in Sartres No Exit. Sartres Existentialism Introduction Existentialism has become the military issue of the fruitful creative work of Jean-Paul Sartre. His works argon exceedingly philosophic, and one or sotimes needs to undertake several reading efforts to understand the implications of Sartres works.It not a secret, that his No Exit is the bright representation of existentialist ideas. Sartre was capable of including anything he scene about life into this short play. He did not need too homophiley characters, or too earthly concerny scenes to carry the most important philosophical messages to the reader. This was the proof of his talent and the proneness to change hatfuls ideas about their inward motives and identities. The play takes run in the sm e very(prenominal) room with doddery furniture and somewhat crazy style.The troika flock Garcin, Estelle, and Inez ar closed in that room. The question what these three hatful do in that respect is simple to answer the room is Sartres representation of netherworld. The three people are the three dead souls who appeared in underworld after their dyings. Each of them possesses their own character, and to each one has something to tell. However, there are profound implications in their constant interaction, bearing in mind that they pose no different way out, and they preservenot be as free as they apply to be in their earth lives.We will find close all existentialist ideas expressed in this small just extremely complex piece of writing. It is purge much interesting to consider each of them separately. Man is prudent for what he is. Thus, the first effect of existentialism is that it puts e precise homo in possession of himself as he is, and places the entire obligation for his globe squarely upon his own shoulders (Sartre 1989, p. 132). The role of Sartres existentialism has initially been in the attempt to explain the positive sides of that philosophical trend.Sartre was aiming at proving that existentialism was not a negative notion in the society moreover, he too cute to show that existentialism did not mean neglecting benevolent values and leading immoral way of life. On the contrary, he positioned existentialists as those who had to create themselves and to be responsible for what they were (Heter 2006, p. 29). Was this true? Yes, it was, and No Exit proven it. The examples of Garcin and Estelle only support these assumptions.We can understand why these deuce people found themselves in booby hatch however yet we come to discretion that Sartre describes hell only with the help of indirect hints found throughout the play. It is even more interesting, that while Sartre justified a person for being a human, and displayed the importance of a person creating oneself without after-school(prenominal) help, we similarly see the changing attitudes of Estelle and Garcin towards their earth lives. These changes are viewed in the gradual process of their revelation and recognizing the life-threatening realities of their previous lives.Meeting Garcin and Estelle for the first time, we become aware of their stories, but these stories are shown in their personal interpretation I lost my parents when I was a kid, and I had my young brother to bring up. We were terribly poor and when an old friend of my people asked me to marry him I said yes. He was very well off, and quite nice. My brother was a very delicate tike and needed all sorts of attention, so really that was the right thing for me to do, entert you agree? My husband was old enough to be my father, but for s ix years we had a happy married life.Then two years ago I met the man I was fated to love. (Sartre, 1944) neertheless reaching the end of the play we come to understanding that Estelles report had not been as innocent as she tried to depict it. Moreover, she had left over(p) its most significant part beyond the limits of our sentience. What she had to tell later scared the reader, yet helped to realize that Sartre was right in his existentialist provisions people create themselves as they want to they take over their will, they are conscious, and they check to be fully responsible for what they do (Flynn 2005, p. 8). The fact that Garcin and Estelle appeared in hell was the behavior of that certificate of indebtedness, or rather, the consequences of the responsibility all of us have to carry for our actions. Garcin had to fill in the fact that he had tortured his wife his open adulteries, alcohol, and total languor to her as a human being had not pushed him to a though t that he had been doing something wrong. He forgot that each of us is not only responsible for ourselves, but for everyone around us. I am thus responsible for myself and for all men, and I am creating a certain image of man as I would have him to be, in fashioning myself I fashion man (Sartre 1989, p. 137). The profound truth of this idea is also displayed through Estelles and Garcins conduct. In being so indifferent towards his wife, Garcin has also made his alternative about her, putting her into a tragic position of always time lag for him (Heter 2006, p. 30). He had to admit that she never cried, never uttered a sacred scripture of reproach. Only her eyes spoke (Sartre, 1944), but it was not only her filling.That was the choice of Garcin, too, and they both contributed enough to create the picture of a never happy family. Estelle made her choice, too, and it is im workable but to admit that she had also been responsible for at to the lowest degree the two lives next to he r the life of her small pip-squeak, and the life of her lover. Surely, she wanted to avoid respectable conflicts in her life, and she was proud to conjure that her husband never knew the truth. Yet she forgot to mention that the lives of her lover and her child were also dependent on her. She became the cause of their death, either direct or indirect.In any case, the hell has become her refuge, her revelation, and the proof of her inner responsibility for her deeds (Flynn 2005, p. 51). No event how hard we may try to conceal our real feelings, we cannot consort inner moral tortures for what we have once performed. This is why the inventiveness of Sartres hell is in not showing it with traditional attributes fire, tortures, Satan, etc. We are the tortures to ourselves, and our consciousness tells for us. Hell is the mere representation of our fears, and it does not necessarily have to be in the form of the burning fires.In this existentialist analysis of Estelle and Garcin we ha ve forgotten about the third participant of the discussed events. It is not surprising Inez also had her sins and had to confess she had become the reason of the three deaths, including her own, but in Sartres play she better served a kind of a mirror, in which the sins of the other two were reflected Suppose I try to be your glass? go down and pay me a visit, dear. Heres the place for you on my sofa. (Sartre, 1944) The construct of God is even more interesting to be viewed through the prism of existentialism. Sartre was keeping to the so-called atheistic existentialism.This did not though mean that Sartre was denying existence of God at all he rather explained the connection of God, his absence seizure in human imagination, and as a consequence, the absence of moral and ethical standards according to which a person should act. The existentialist is strongly opposed to a certain type of secular moralism which seeks to suppress God at the least possible expense. (Sartre 1989, p. 138). However, existentialist vision of God is rather contradictory and cadaver that in the discussed play. First of all, can we suggest that there is no God, if Sartre depicts Estelle, Inez, and Garcin in hell?Hell is initially a well known antipode of paradise, and it is possible to suggest that if hell exists, there is also paradise. As a consequence, if those who used to deny usual moral standards in their lives appear in hell, doesnt this mean that those who led positive way of life could appear in paradise? Second, Sartre was very rigid in terms of morality as it is he used to assume that we could not follow moral standards from outside (Flynn 2005, p. 52). According to existentialist ideas, moral standards are brought to us from the depth of our souls, and what we have to do is to realize, what our inner identity tells us.All characters of the play have finally turn out what Sartre wanted to show there were no God, but there were also no human values. This is why all three appeared in hell. Existentialism is not the denial of God it is the set of ideas according to which people should be responsible for their heating plants. In this sense existentialist teaching is very similar to Christianity, how other this may sound. The existentialist does not believe in the power of passion. He will never regard a special K passion as a destructive torrent upon which a man is swept into certain actions as by fate, and which, therefore, is an excuse for them (Sartre 1989, p. 41). in that location is no need to repeat, that Estelle, Garcin, and Inez are Sartres chassiss of this interesting idea. Their passions have led them to hell and they are meant to spend eternity in the room with weird angles and strange furniture, behind the door which is never opened, and with no sleep, as their eyes do not have eyelids. Garcin had a passion towards women and entertainment he had passion towards pacifism and did not think of its possible negative consequences. Inezs pa ssions resulted in the death of the three persons, and Estelles passion led to the death of her child, and later, her lover.The man is responsible for his passions, and we can easily see the conjunction of the responsibility for passions, and responsibility for other people. Actually, these are similar expressions of the same philosophical interactions, or these can be built in a logical line we are responsible for our passions, which impact the lives of other people, and thus through our actions we are also responsible for others. None of the three characters will be able to escape the inner responsibility for the lost lives.This realization becomes even brighter, caused not by sensual tortures as we traditionally imagine them in hell, but by conversations between Estelle, Inez, and Garcin, in which they make each other reveal their truths. As a result, hell is not outside and not in physical pain it is inside us and it eats us from inside. Moreover, hell is in people who direct u s towards seeing the truth about ourselves. As far as we are what we want to be, people around us create an image of ourselves which we have to accept.Hell is in being clinical towards ourselves Sartre recognized the human nature, and the difficulty with which we recognize our identities (Sartre 1989, p. 131). This is why this recognition is the embodiment of hell for us. Estelle is a bright representation of existentialist vision. As unyielding as Sartres ideas related to the human opportunity to choose, she had clearly proved the importance and possibility of human choice. Of course, killing ones child is possibly the human choice in its most radical form, but it seems that Sartre had to use this complex context to make existentialist vision more understandable to the reader.There is surely, the risk that the reader might misunderstand the propose of this tragic plot, but it is more probable that Estelles actions will not be misinterpreted. While conventional reader will try to pronounce Inez, Estelle, and Garcin through the prism of widely accepted moral norms, these are the existentialists who state the absence or the small role of the external societal standards (Heter 2006, p. 35). There is no common morality which could push us towards these or those actions.As a result, depicting three negative personalities is the heart and soul of clarifying the staple existentialist provisions responsibility for actions, responsibility for passions, and the absence of God and everyday moral standards. This work is not meant to judge whether existentialism in Sartres works was negative or positive. The meaning of existentialism is in trying to view ourselves through Sartres viewpoint, and to think whether we can accept his vision of our lives. Conclusion Contrary to many traditional opinions, Sartres existentialism is dead humanistic.When we read his No Exit, we may conclude that the play is absolutely negative and absolutely immoral open adultery, suicides, and childs murders constitute a brief but colored picture of the play. However, these are the backgrounds, without which it would hardly be possible to notice the humanitarianism, about which we speak. Existentialism is directly connected with humanism if people condemn our works of fiction, in which we describe characters that are base, weak, yellow-bellied and sometimes even frankly evil, it is not only because those characters are base, weak, trepid or evil (Sartre 1989, p. 142).The importance of existentialist humanism is not in pushing us towards the thought that our cowardice or our passions are the results of some external societal factors. The humanism of existentialism is in showing human responsibility for these evils and actions. As a result, cowardice and evil are obstinate not by some external attributes (for example, being a coward means being bad), but by the actions of people (for example, when certain passions cause the death of an innocent child). No Exit is th e example of short and consistent existentialist vision of our lives, our identities, and the consequences of our reasonable choices.

Abnormal psychology/depression Essay

Serotonin A neurotransmitter involved in mood, sleep, appetite, and impulsive and obstreperous behaviour. Definitions taken from www. allpsyc. com/dictionary If a someones serotonin is in any guinea pig low it accordingly results in effect. All three neurotransmitters must(prenominal)(prenominal) dally together on an even train in severalize for the forefront to function properly. It has been proven through autopsy results that low serotonin is manifest in a depressed person. However, this does not prove weather first causes the serotonin level to drop or if low serotonin causes drop-off.Sigmund Freud exposit notion as a human response to loss. The psychodynamic approach to effect explains that the feelings of an adult reflect on the experiences of a chela. If for example a tike suffers the loss of their mother during electric razorhood, this results in adult mental picture. Freud similarly argued that stamp relates to archeozoic relationships with p bents. Hostile feelings towards the parents are redirected towards the self-importance resulting in hatred of the self. Feelings of slack end arise from lack of affection and love during childhood.Trauma of a child re-emerges in adulthood in the form of depression. According to Freud, the conscious and unconscious(p) parts of the estimate john come into conflict with one another, producing phenomena called repression (a raise where you are unaware of having certain troubling motives, wishes or desires but they define you negatively just the same). In general, psychodynamic theories suggest that a person must successfully resolve early developmental conflict in order to overcome repression and achieve mental health. Mental illness, on the other hand, is a failure to resolve these conflicts.Abraham in 1911 suggested that depression was the result of the anger entangle towards a rejected loved one. The psychodynamic approach to depression is supported by the point that childhood loss predicts later vulnerability to depression. A cognitive approach to depression, suggest that depression is a state of mind. A person obtains depressed because of the way they conjecture and feel. Cognitive behaviour theory is opposite to that of Seligman and Abramsons hopelessness theory which suggests that people learn from childhood that they are powerless to control what becomes of them, as a result adults become hands-off and helpless.Beck in 1991 essential the cognitive behavioural theory of depression. He argued that depression stems from negative thought. Depressed people suffer from a cognitive common chord of negative beliefs about themselves, their future and their past experiences. Giles B (2002108) A cognitive triad of negative thought process A negative overhear of the self A negative view of the world A negative view of the future Beck suggested that people who are prone to depression have developed a self- searing and negative way of thinking and feeling t owards themselves.Beck believes that negative thinking starts in childhood and is a result of been brought up by critical negative parents with whom the child identifies. Beck suggested that as a result of these early experiences the child develops into adulthood with a negative self schema. Both cognitive and psychodynamic approaches to depression suggest the childhood experience is the route of depression. Freuds theory suggests that depression is a result of the loss of a mother or by chance a negative upbringing, Beck suggested almost the same as he suggested that a negative family encourages a person to become depressed.Both theories hold the absolute majority of responsibility on the upbringing of a child. However, if this as the upshot, all children in negative households would then become depressed. Freuds seek on depression was limited due to the year of study. At the time in storey it was the norm for a family to be cared for by the mother. This is not always the case in todays society, given this would children having suffered the loss of a arrive also suffer depression in adulthood. Biological theories do issue to have an influence on depression.Twin studies and family studies do demonstrate likelihood that depression is genetic. However, genes alone do not cause depression if this was the case then every child born into a depressive family would there for become depressed. This suggests that depression does have a link with genetics but it also needs other aspects to initiate depression. Becks theory of depression has its strengths as it is supported by a large amount of research indicating that depression is in fact influenced by negative thinking.However, is negative thinking the cause of depression or is it depression that causes a person to think negatively? If depression causes a person to think negatively is it then that depression is a result of chemical conflict? Serotonin levels must remain on an even level to enable a persons mood to stay stable. Serotonin levels drop in that of a depressed person. Yet it is unknown whether a low serotonin level causes depression or weather depression causes a low serotonin level. It remains unknown weather depression is in fact a result of biological cyphers or psychological factors.Each person suffers from depression in their own way. There is evidence to suggest that depression runs in families, but a family free from depression can have a depressed person amongst them. A happy family home, with two loving parents can also have a depressed child. In conclusion to this assignment, what causes depression? Given the research , evidence and the limitations of the theories surrounding depression it becomes fair to ordain that depression holds many reasons and is not only influenced by one factor and can in fact be a result of many.BIBLOGRAPHY M Birchwood & C Jackson (2001) CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY modular course dementia praecox East Sussex Psychology drive M Cardwell et al (20 01) PSYCHOLOGY for A2 take Hammersmith HarperCollins Publishers Limited J Cullberg (2006) PSYCHOSES An integrated perspective London Routledge C Frith & E Johnstone (2003) SCHIZOPHRENIA a very short introduction London Oxford University Press B Giles (2002) deviate PSYCHOLGY Rochester Grange Books plc R Gross (2001) PSYCHOLOGY The science of mind and behaviour London Hodder and Stoughton.S Moore (2002) SOCIAL WELFARE ALIVE leash edition Cheltenham Nelson Thornes Ltd www. abnormalpsy. org/disorderlinks/depression 20/03/2008 www. bbc. co. uk/health/conditions/depression1. shtml 20/03/2008 www. bupa. co. uk/ 20/03/2008 www. clinical-depression. co. uk 22/03/2008 www. depressionalliance. org 22/03/2008 www. depression-therapist. co. uk 20/03/2008 www. fightingdepression. co. uk 20/03/2008 www. mind. org. uk 22/03/2008 www. mentalhealth. org. uk 22/03/2008 www. mentalhealthproject. com/ 20/03/2008 www.nhsdirect. nhs. uk/ name 20/03/2008 www. overcomedepression. co. uk 22/03/2008.REFER ENCE M Cardwell et al (2001) PSYCHOLOGY for A2 train Hammersmith HarperCollins Publishers Limited J Cullberg (2006) PSYCHOSES An integrated perspective London Routledge B Giles (2002) ABNORMAL PSYCHOLGY Rochester Grange Books plc www. abnormalpsy. org/disorderlinks/depression 20/03/2008 www. bbc. co. uk/health/conditions/depression1. shtml 20/03/2008 www. fightingdepression. co. uk 20/03/2008 www. nhsdirect. nhs. uk/article 20/03/2008.

Code of Ethics Essay

The primary purpose of a grave of ethics is to defense the welfare of invitees by providing what is in their best interest. It is also designed to protect the public and to guide pros in their work so that they throne get out the best service possible. All professional centeringors are obligated to complete by a code of ethics.The American Counseling Association (ACA) provides focussing in resolving moral problems that professionals may encounter, whereas Christian counselors not just abide by the ACA Code of morals solely also by the American Association of Christian Counselors AACC code, which set ups excellence and trains unity to Christian counselors, and gives keep to Jesus Christ. This paper will address the broad similarities and differences between the ii codes, as well as comparisons in the specific lands of Confidentiality, Sexual Intimacies and Discrimination.Codes of Ethics Comparison A code of ethics is a systematic narrative of ethical standards that r epresent the moral convictions and guide the practice behavior of a group (Clinton and Ohlschlager, 2002). With that in mind, every counseling discipline has an ethics code which is continuously revised and updated to stay current with emerging issue, and to promote kick upstairs clarity and direction to the profession. Thus, the ACA and AACC codes of ethics were both created to assist their members to better inspection and repair their clients. They also define take accounts and behavioral standards necessary for ethical counseling. notwithstanding while they are similar in intent, they are distinct in their foundational premise. General Similarities and Differences Both codes stress the importance of promoting the welfare of consumers, practicing within the mise en scene of ones competence, doing no harm to the client, protecting clients confidentiality and privacy, acting ethically and responsibly, avoiding exploitation, and upholding the integrity of the profession by stri ving for aspirational practice (Corey, p. 6). However, the biggest difference between the two codes rests in the streams of influence, whereas the AACC code is rooted in a scriptural worldview.In other words, the primary goal of the AACC is to conduce honor to Jesus Christ and his church, promote excellence in Christian counseling and bring unity to Christian counselors (AACC, 2004). However, the ACAs goals are educational, scientific, and professional. It strives to enkindle the quality of life in society by promoting the development of professional counselors, advancing the counseling profession, and using the profession and practice of counseling to promote respect for human dignity and diversity (ACA, 2005).The primary goal of the AACC is to bring honor to Jesus Christ and is church, promote excellence in Christian counseling and bring unity to Christian counselors (AACC, 2004) Specific Comparisons Both codes pull up a high priority on client confidentiality. Also, they expr ess the value of discussing and securing written consent from the client. They also both discuss the importance of client disclosure in that protecting confidential communication is always the basic response of the counselor.The counselor is mandated to come upon information in life queer or abusive situations. However, the distinct difference between the AACC and the ACA is in the area of privileged communication. While both associations require that counselors do not disclose client information as it relates to training, research or publication, the AACC adds that Christian counselors do not disclose confidential client communications in each supervisory, consultation, teaching, preaching, publishing, or other activity without written or other wakeless authorization by the client (AACC, 2004).The ACA and the AACC codes differ greatly in the supposition of sexual Intimacies. In fact, The ACA (2005) used the term sexual or romantic interactions or relationship. In other words The ACA (2005) does not forbid, but sets guidelines pertaining to all participation of sexual or romantic interaction with any current or formal clients for a period of 5 long time following the last professional contact. However, the AACC state that all forms of sexual interactions or relationships outside of marriage are unethical.The only exception to this rule is marriage, which the AACC (2004) declared as honorable before God. Thus, guidelines have been appropriated to allow for such(prenominal) a case. In addition, Christian counselors are also forbidden to counsel current or former sexual partners and or marital partners. (AACC, 2004 )Discrimination can result in serious problems for both the race that hold them and the people that they are prejudiced against.Both associations agree that non-discrimination is the best practice, for clients should not be denied service based on age, religion, sexual orientation etc. However, the AACC maintains its biblical perspective in t hat counselors are to encourage biblical principles. While Christian counselors must not discriminate, they also cannot condone certain practices that conflict with biblical principles. For instance, in the area of sexual orientation, Christian counselors will not turn down service.However they will encourage sexual celibacy or biblically electropositive sexual behavior while such issues are being intercommunicate (AACC, 2004). Conclusion There are many similarities and differences relating to the code of ethics for the American Association of Christian Counselors (AACC) and the American Counseling Association (ACA). Through these areas we insure that the code of ethics sets boundaries and regulations for all professional counselors and without them, counselors could not be hard-hitting or productive in their true calling.